ANATOMY important points from GENERAL ANATOMY • Flexion and extension takes place in sagittal section • Adduction and abduction take place in coronal section • Dermis is thinner on anterior surfaces of body as compared to posterior surfaces. • Appendages of skin are nails, hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands. • Hair follicles are invaginations of epidermis into the dermis. • Arrector pili are the bands of smooth muscles that that connect the undersurface of hair follicle to the superficial part of dermis. Dimpling of skin called gooseflesh is due to the the pull of the is arrector pili muscle. It causes contraction of sebaceous gland and its secretion. • Sebaceous glands lie within the dermis and pour their secretion, the sebem ONTO the shaft of hairs. • Sweat glands expand full thickness of dermis and their extremity may lie in superficial fascia. They are the most deeply placed structure of all appandeges. • Sebaceous glands are not present in lips, palms, sides of fingers, glans penis and clitoris, labia minora and internal surfaces of labia majora, soles, sides of feet and sides of toes. • Sweat glands are not present on red margins of lips, nail buds, glans penis, clitoris, • Boil is infection of hair follicle and sebaceous gland. • Carbuncle is staphylococcal infection of superficial fascia. It usually occurs at nape of neck and starts as infection of hair follicle or group of follicles. • Sebaceous cyst most frequently occurs at scalp. • Patient of shock exhibits gooseflesh as a result of overactivity of sympethetics. • Partial thickness burn heals from the cells of hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands and from the cells of edges of burn. A burn that extends deeper than sweat gland heals slowly and only from edges. • Superficial fascia is devoid of adipose tissue in eyelids, auricles, penis, scrotum and clitoris • Nerve to muscle is a mixed nerve, 60% is motor and 40% is sensory. • Primary cartilageonus joints are those n which the bones are united by plate of hayaline cartilage. Examples are union b/w epiphysis and diaphysis and b/w first rib and manubrium. • Secondry cartilagenou joint are those in which the bones are joined by fibrocartilage and articular surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage. Example are joints b/w vertebral bodies and the symphesis pubis. • HILTON’s LAW. Sensory Nerve supplying the joint also supplies the muscles that cause movement on that joint and the skin overlying the insertion of these muscles. • In syringomylia the pain sensation is lost in joints. • Tendons invaginate the synovial sheath from a side and are suspended by mesotendons. Mesotendons transmit the blood vessels. In areas where wide range of movement is there these mesotendons remain as vinulae. • In certain areas of bodies especially the tips of fingers and toes the arteries and vein connect directly without intervention of capillaries. These areas are called arteriovenous anastomosis • Lymphatic vessels are absent in CNS, eyeball, internal ear, epidermis of skin, cartilage, bone. • Preganglionic are myelinated adnd type B fibers. • Postganglionic are nonmyelinated and type C fibers • Two sympethetic chains end below by joining together to form a single ganglion the GANGLION IMPAR. • In bone the extracellular matrix is calcified. • Flat bones are composed of outer and inner layer of compact bone called the TABLES and middle layer of cancellous bone the DIPOLE. Scapula is irregular but is included in flat bones.
Posted on: Fri, 07 Nov 2014 18:55:11 +0000