ANSWER: 1.) WORDS -a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or theirwritten representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning.Words are composed of one or more morphemes and are either thesmallest units susceptible of independent use or consist of two or threesuch units combined under certain linking conditions, as with the loss ofprimary accent that distinguishes black•bird• from black• bird•. Wordsare usually separated by spaces in writing, and are distinguishedphonologically, as by accent, in many languages. 2.) PHRASES -a small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit, typically forming a component of a clause. 3.) TECHNIQUE-a way of carrying out a particular task, especially the execution or performance of an artistic work or a scientific procedure. 4.) SIGHT MEMORIZATION -Sight words, often also called high frequency sight words, are commonly used words that young children are encouraged to memorize as a whole by sight, so that they can automatically recognize these words in print without having to use any strategies to decode. 5.) STRUCTURAL CLUES -To get the main idea of a nonfiction article, you need to understand not just the facts that are presented, but the relationships among them. These clues will help you to identify the type of relationship, or structure, that holds those facts together. 6.) AFFIXES -an additional element placed at the beginning or end of a root, stem, or word, or in the body of a word, to modify its meaning. 7.) PREFIX - A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word.[1] Adding it to the beginning of one word changes it into another word. For example, when the prefix un-is added to the word happy, it creates the word unhappy. Particularly in the study of languages, a prefix is also called a preformative, because it alters the form of the words to which it is affixed. Prefixes, like other affixes, can be either inflectional, changing the syntactic category, or derivational, changing either the lexical category or the semantic meaning.[2] In English, there are no inflectional prefixes. Prefixes, like all other affixes, are bound morphemes.[1] The word prefix is itself made up of the stem fix (meaning attach, in this case), and the prefix pre- (meaning before), both of which are derived from Latin roots. 8.) SUFFIX - A letter or a group of letters added to the end of a word to change itsmeaning. For example, adding the suffix -ter to the adjective hot turns itinto the comparative adjective hotter, and adding the suffix -ly to theadjective quick turns it into the adverb quickly. Other examples of wordswith suffixes are: “will ing,” “manage ment,” “service able,” “harmon ize,”and “joy ful.” ( Compare prefix.) 9.) ROOTWORD - A root, or root word, is a word that does not have a prefix (in front of the word) or a suffix (at the end of a word). The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word, and of a word family (root is then called base word), which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents.Content words in nearly all languages contain, and may consist only of root morphemes. However, sometimes the term root is also used to describe the word minus its inflectionalendings, but with its lexical endings in place. For example, chatters has the inflectional root or lemma chatter, but the lexical root chat. 10.) PHONETICS - Phonetics (pronounced /fəˈnɛtɪks/, from the Greek: φωνή, phōnē, sound, voice) is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech, or—in the case of sign languages—the equivalent aspects of sign.[1] It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds or signs (phones): their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory perception, and neurophysiological status. Phonology, on the other hand, is concerned with the abstract, grammatical characterization of systems of sounds or signs.The field of phonetics is a multilayered subject of linguistics that focuses on speech. In the case of oral languages there are three basic areas of study: 11.) CONTEXT - Context comes from the Latin for how something is made. It was first used to talk about writing, as in the beautiful phrase occurs in the context of the concluding paragraph. We use it now to talk about any circumstance in which something happens. You might say that you cant understand what happens without looking at the context. When someone takes your words but makes it sound like you meant something else, theyve taken your words out of context. 12.) CONTEXTUAL CLUES - Context clues are hints that an author gives to help define a difficult or unusual word. The clue may appear within the same sentence as the word to which it refers, or it may follow in a preceding sentence. 13.) DICTIONARY - a formal and concise statement of the meaning of a word, phrase, etc a book or electronic resource that lists the words of a language (typically in alphabetical order) and gives their meaning, or gives the equivalent words in a different language, often also providing information about pronunciation, origin, and usage. 14.) MEANINGS - In philosophy and linguistics, the sense of a linguistic expression, sometimes understood in contrast to its referent. For example, the expressions “the morning star” and “the evening star” have different meanings, though their referent (Venus) is the same. Some expressions have meanings but no referents (“the present king of France”) or referents but no meanings (“that”). The literal or conventional meaning of an expression may differ from what a speaker of that expression means by uttering it on a particular occasion; this is the case with similes, statements uttered ironically, and statements that convey various “conversational implicatures,” as in the following examples: “She entered the house and shot him” implicates that she shot him in the house after she entered it, though this is not part of the sentences literal meaning; “John has three sons” implicates that John has no more than three sons, though again the sentence does not literally say this. Other non-literal aspects of meaning include the potential for carrying out various “speech acts” (see SPEECH ACT THEORY); e.g., uttered in the appropriate circumstances, the sentence “I christen thee the Joseph Stalin,” constitutes the act of naming a ship, and the sentence “I am cold” constitutes a request to close the window. 15.) SPELLING - Spelling is writing or stating the letters and diacritics of a word. Words generally have accepted standard spellings which can vary regionally or nationally.[1][2][3] In the sense of a standard, spelling is one of the elements of orthography and a prescriptive element of alphabetic languages. 16.) PRONUNCIATION - is the way a word or a language is spoken, or the manner in which someone utters a word. If one is said to have correct pronunciation, then it refers to both within a particular dialect. 17.) WORD DERIVATION - In linguistics, derivation is the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing word, e.g. happiness and unhappy from happy, or determination from determine. It often involves the addition of a morpheme in the form of an affix, such as -ness, un- and -ation in the preceding examples.Derivation stands in contrast to the process of inflection, which means the formation of grammatical variants of the same word, 18.) WORD STATUS - the relative social, professional, or other standing of someone or something. 19.) PARTS OF SPEECH - a category to which a word is assigned in accordance with its syntactic functions. In English the main parts of speech are noun, pronoun, adjective, determiner, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. 20.) SENTENCES - a set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.
Posted on: Thu, 18 Dec 2014 08:56:20 +0000