Amir Khusro s Persian ghazal Nami danam chi manzil buud shab : In the context of Sufism It is not possible to gain a full understanding of ghazal poetry without at least being familiar with some concepts of Sufism .[ citation needed ] Many of the major historical ghazal poets were either avowed Sufis themselves (like Rumi or Hafiz), or were sympathizers with Sufi ideas. Most ghazals can be viewed in a spiritual context, with the Beloved being a metaphor for God, or the poets spiritual master. It is the intense Divine Love of Sufism that serves as a model for all the forms of love found in ghazal poetry. Most ghazal scholars today recognize that some ghazal couplets are exclusively about Divine Love (ishq-e-haqiqi), others are about earthly love (ishq-e-majazi), but many of them can be interpreted in either context. Traditionally invoking melancholy, love, longing, and metaphysical questions, ghazals are often sung by Iranian, Afghan, Pakistani, and Indian musicians. The form has roots in seventh- century Arabia, and gained prominence in the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century thanks to such Persian poets as Rumi and Hafiz and later due to Indian poets such as Mirza Ghalib . In the eighteenth-century, the ghazal was used by poets writing in Urdu, a mix of the medieval languages of Northern India, including Persian. Among these poets, Ghalib is the recognized master. Important poets of Urdu ghazal In Urdu, some prominent and acclaimed ghazal poets are: Hafez , Mirza Ghalib , Mir Taqi Mir , Momin Khan Momin , Daagh Dehlvi , Khwaja Haidar Ali Aatish , Jan Nisar Akhtar , Khwaja Mir Dard, Jaun Elia , Hafeez Hoshiarpuri , Faiz Ahmad Faiz , Ahmad Faraz, Firaq Gorakhpuri , Muhammad Iqbal, Qamar Jalalabadi, Shakeb Jalali, Nasir Kazmi , Sahir Ludhianvi, Hasrat Mohani , Makhdoom Mohiuddin , Jigar Moradabadi , Munir Niazi , Mirza Rafi Sauda, Qateel Shifai, Ehsan Sehgal , Majrooh Sultanpuri , Wali Mohammed Wali and Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq . Translations and performance of classical ghazal Enormous collections of ghazal have been created by hundreds of well-known poets over the past thousand years in Persian, Turkish, and Urdu, as well as in the Central Asian Turkic languages. Ghazal poems are performed in Uzbek-Tajik Shashmakom , Turkish Makam , Persian Dastgah and Uyghur Muqam . There are many published translations from Persian and Turkish by Annemarie Schimmel , Arthur John Arberry , and many others. Ghazal Gayaki, the art of singing or performing the ghazal in Indian classical tradition, is very old. Singers like Ustad Barkat Ali and many other singers in the past used to practice it, but due to the lack of historical records, many names are anonymous. It was with Begum Akhtar , and later on Ustad Mehdi Hassan, that classical rendering of ghazals became popular amongst the masses. The categorization of ghazal singing as a form of light classical music is a misconception. Classical ghazals are difficult to render because of the varying moods of the shers or couplets in the ghazal. Ustad Amanat Ali Khan , Begum Akhtar , Mehdi Hassan, Abida Parveen, Jagjit Singh , Farida Khanum and Ustad Ghulam Ali , Moinuddin Ahamed, are popular classical ghazal singers. Popularity Understanding the complex lyrics of ghazals required education typically available only to the upper classes. The traditional classical rāgas in which the lyrics were rendered were also difficult to understand. The ghazal has undergone some simplification in terms of words and phrasings, which helps it to reach a larger audience around the world. Most of the ghazals are now sung in styles that are not limited to khayāl , thumri , rāga , tāla and other classical and light classical genres. However, these forms of the ghazal are looked down on by purists of the Indian Classical tradition. In Pakistan Noor Jehan , Iqbal Bano , Abida Parveen, Farida Khanum, Ghulam Ali , Ahmed Rushdi , Ustad Amanat Ali Khan and Mehdi Hassan are known for ghazal renditions. Singers like Jagjit Singh (who first used a guitar in ghazals), Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain , Hariharan, Adithya Srinivasan , Mohammad Rafi , Pankaj Udhas and many others have been able to give a new shape to the ghazal by incorporating elements of Western music. In India, in addition to Urdu/Hindi, ghazals have been very popular in the Gujarati language. For around a century, starting with Balashankar Kantharia, there have been many notable Gujarati ghazal writers like Barkat Virani Befaam, Aasim Randeri, Shunya Palanpuri, Amrut Ghayal, Khalil Dhantejvi and many more. Some of the notable ghazals of these prominent writers have been sung by Bollywood playback singer Manhar Udhas (the elder brother of noted Ghazal singer Pankaj Udhas). Renowned ghazal singer, and pioneer of Telugu ghazals, Dr. Ghazal Srinivas popularized the ghazal in Telugu language . Srinivas also introduced ghazal singing in Kannada language, and ghazals in Kannada language were written by Markandapuram Srinivas. First true-to-form Bangla (Bengali) ghazal are published in gajaler aayanaay by Bratish Dashgupta. The Canadian classical ghazal singer Cassius Khan has the unusual talent of singing in the recitational style whilst accompanying himself on the tabla . In English After nearly a century of false starts — that is, early experiments by James Clarence Mangan , James Elroy Flecker, Adrienne Rich , Phyllis Webb , etc., many of which did not adhere wholly or in part to the traditional principles of the form, experiments dubbed as the bastard ghazal [4] — the ghazal finally began to be recognized as a viable closed form in English-language poetry sometime in the early to mid-1990s. This came about largely as a result of serious, true-to-form examples being published by noted American poets John Hollander , W. S. Merwin and Elise Paschen, as well as by Kashmiri-American poet Agha Shahid Ali, who had been teaching and spreading word of the ghazal at American universities over the previous two decades. In 1996, Ali compiled and edited the worlds first anthology of English-language ghazals, published by Wesleyan University Press in 2000 as Ravishing DisUnities: Real Ghazals in English . (Fewer than one in ten of the ghazals collected in Real Ghazals in English observe the constraints of the form.) A ghazal is composed of couplets, five or more. The couplets may have nothing to do with one another, except for the formal unity derived from a strict rhyme and rhythm pattern. A ghazal in English that observes the traditional restrictions of the form: Ghazals composed in English by notable poets Agha Shahid Ali, Ghazal (...exiles) Robert Bly, The Night Abraham Called to the Stars and My Sentence Was a Thousand Years of Joy Francis Brabazon, In Dust I Sing (Beguine Library, 1974). Lorna Crozier, Bones in Their Wings Judith Fitzgerald, Twenty-Six Ways Out of This World (Oberon), 1999. Thomas Hardy , The Mother Mourns Jim Harrison , Outlyer and Ghazals (Touchstone), 1971 John Hollander , Ghazal On Ghazals Galway Kinnell , Sheffield Ghazal 4: Driving West, Sheffield Ghazal 5: Passing the Cemetery (Mariner Books), 2001 Maxine Kumin , On the Table Marilyn Krysl , Ghazals for the Turn of the Century Edward Lowbury , A Ghazel (for Pauline) (1968); Prometheus: a ghazel (1976); Remembering Nine (a ghazel for Peter Russell) (1981) W. S. Merwin, The Causeway William Matthews , Guzzle, Drizzle Elise Paschen , Sams Ghazal Robert Pinsky , The Hall Spencer Reece , Florida Ghazals Adrienne Rich , Ghazals: Homage to Ghalib John Thompson , Stilt Jack (Anansi), 1978. Andrew D. Chumbley, Qutub (Xoanon), 1995. Natasha Trethewey, Miscegenation, 2006. Phyllis Webb , Water and Light: Ghazals and Anti Ghazals (Coach House), 1984. John Edgar Wideman , Lost Letter Rob Winger , The Chimney Stone (Nightwood Editions), 2010 Sukhdarshan Dhaliwal , Ghazals at Twilight (SD Publications), 2009 Ghazal singers Some notable ghazal singers are: Abida Parveen Ahmed Rushdi Ateeq Hussain Khan Asha Bhosle Alka Yagnik Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain Anup Jalota Adithya Srinivasan Ataullah Khan Aziz Mian Begum Akhtar Bhimrao Panchale Chitra Singh Chandan Dass Ghulam Ali Jagjit Singh Salma Agha Yateesh M. Acharya Kiran Ahluwalia Mahwash Sonu Nigam Ustad Amanat Ali Khan Najma Akhtar Talat Aziz Roop Kumar Rathod Sunali Rathod Iqbal Bano Mohammed Rafi Mukesh Mehdi Hassan Munni Begum Malika Pukhraj Hariharan Cassius Khan Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Nizami Brothers Farida Khanum Runa Laila Master Madan Talat Mahmood Lata Mangeshkar Penaz Masani Habib Wali Mohammad Amjad Parvez Nayyara Noor Noorjehan Shishir Parkhie Abida Parveen Anuradha Paudwal Reshma Sabri Brothers Mohammad Hussain Sarahang Mohammad Reza Shajarian Bhupinder and Mitali Singh Jasvinder Singh Tahira Syed Manhar Udhas Pankaj Udhas Ahmad Wali Beauty Sharma Barua Ghazal Srinivas Many Indian and Pakistani film singers are famous for singing ghazals. These include: Asha Bhosle Ahmed Rushdi Chitra Singh Jagjit Singh Mehdi Hassan Talat Mahmood Hariharan Mohammad Rafi Noor Jehan Lata Mangeshkar Srilekha Parthasarathy K. L. Saigal Ghulam Ali Some Malay singers are famous for ghazals. These include: Jamal Abdillah Rosiah Chik Noraniza Idris M. Nasir Sharifah Aini Rhoma Irama See also Filmi-ghazal , Indian filmi music based on ghazal poetry Footnotes 1. ^ Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation 2. ^ Oxford English Dictionary 3. ^ Shayari Network . 4. ^ That Bastard Ghazal References Agha Shahid Ali (ed.). Ravishing Disunities: Real Ghazals in English . ISBN 0-8195-6437-0 Agha Shahid Ali. Call Me Ishmael Tonight: A Book of Ghazals . ISBN 0-393-05195-1 Bailey, J. O. The Poetry of Thomas Hardy: A handbook and Commentary . ISBN 0-8078-1135-1 Doty, Gene (ed./sitemaster). The Ghazal Page; various postings, 1999—2010 Kanda, K.C., editor. Masterpieces of the Urdu Ghazal: From the 17th to the 20th Century. Sterling Pub Private Ltd., 1991 Mufti, Aamir. Towards a Lyric History of India. boundary 2, 31: 2, 2004 Reichhold, Jane (ed.). Lynx; various issues, 1996—2000 Watkins, R. W. (ed.). Contemporary Ghazals; Nos. 1 and 2, 2003—2004 Lall, Inder jit. Ghazal Movements, Century, May 23, 1964 Lall, Inder jit. Heightened sensibility The Economic Times, December 31, 1978 Lall, Inder jit. The Ghazal -- Evolution & Prospects, The Times of India, November 8, 1970 Lall, Inder Jit. The New Ghazal, The Times of India, July 3, 1971 Lall, Inder jit. Ghazal: A Sustainer of Spasms, Thought, May 20, 1967 Lall, Inder jit. Tuning into modern ghazals, Sunday Herald, January 29, 1989 Lall, Inder Jit. Ghazal: Melodies and minstrels, Sunday Patriot, June 29, 1986 Lall, Inder jit. Charm of ghazal lies in lyricism, Hindustan Times, August 8, 1985 External links A Desertful of Roses The Divan-e Ghalib - in Urdu, with Devanagari and Roman transliterations. Read in another language Mobile Desktop Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted. Terms of Use Privacy nemidanam che manzel bood shab jayi ke man boodam; be har soo raghse besmel bood shab jayi ke man boodam. pari peykar negari sarv ghadi laleh rokhsari; sarapa afat-e del bood shab jayi ke man boodam. I wonder what was the place where I was last night, All around me were half- slaughtered victims of love, tossing about in agony. There was a nymph-like beloved with cypress-like form and tulip-like face, Ruthlessly playing havoc with the hearts of the lovers. “ ”
Posted on: Sun, 23 Nov 2014 05:44:00 +0000
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