• Books Book publishing has the longest history of dealing with piracy. Any unauthorised use of a copyrighted work, such as a book, school manual, journal article or sheet music, represents an infringement of copyright or a case of copyright piracy, unless covered by a copyright exception. Piracy of printed works affects both paper copies and works in digital format. In some developing countries, trade in pirated books often exceeds the legitimate market. Educational institutions represent a primary target market for pirates. Infringing activities include both illegal commercial photocopying and/or printing and reproduction of books and other printed material in digital form, as well as distribution in hard copy or digital format. • Music Music piracy includes both traditional unlawful use of music and unauthorised use of music on on-line communication networks. Bootlegging (unauthorised recording and duplication of a live or broadcast performance) and counterfeiting (unauthorised copying of the material support, labels, artwork and packaging) are the most widespread types of traditional music piracy. The unauthorised uploading and making available to the public of music files or downloading such files from an Internet site is referred to as Internet or on-line piracy. On-line piracy may also include certain uses of streaming technologies. • Films As in the case of music, film piracy is either traditional or done over the Internet. It includes, but is not limited to, videocassette and optical disc piracy, theatrical camcorder piracy, theatrical print theft, signal theft and broadcasting piracy, and on-line piracy. • Software Software piracy refers to practices that involve the unauthorised copying of computer software. Internet (on-line) piracy The unauthorised downloading or distribution over the Internet of unauthorised copies of works such as movies, music, videogames and software is generally referred to as Internet or on-line piracy. Illicit downloads occur through file-sharing networks, illegal servers, websites and hacked computers. Hard goods pirates also use the Internet to sell illegally duplicated DVDs through auctions and websites. While trafficking copyrighted works through increasingly sophisticated electronic means, such as peer-to-peer file trading networks, Internet chat rooms, and newsgroups, has an ever increasing negative impact on cultural industries, it is also argued that curtailing this phenomenon limits the right of access to information, knowledge and culture. The practice of labelling the infringement of exclusive rights in creative works as piracy predates statutory copyright law. Prior to the Statute of Anne in 1710, the Stationers Company of London in 1557 received a Royal Charter giving the company a monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter. Those who violated the charter were labelled pirates as early as 1603.[2] The term piracy has been used to refer to the unauthorized copying, distribution and selling of works in copyright.[3] Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works uses the term piracy in relation to copyright infringement, stating Pirated works may be seized on importation into those countries of the Union where the original work enjoys legal protection.[4] Article 61 of the 1994 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requires criminal procedures and penalties in cases of willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale.[5] Piracy traditionally refers to acts of copyright infringement intentionally committed for financial gain, though more recently, copyright holders have described online copyright infringement, particularly in relation to peer-to-peer file sharing networks, as piracy.[3]
Posted on: Sun, 20 Oct 2013 06:43:47 +0000
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