CMA EXAM RATIO DEFINITIONS Abbreviations EBIT = Earnings before interest and taxes EBITDA = Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization EBT = Earnings before taxes EPS = Earnings per share ROA = Return on assets ROE = Return on equity Part 1 Financial Planning, Performance and Control Section B Performance Management Section B.3 Performance measures e* . ROI = Income of business unit / Assets of business unit g. Residual Income (RI) = Income of business unit – (Assets of business unit x required rate of return) Note: “Income” means operating income unless otherwise noted Part 2 Financial Decision Making Section A Financial Statement Analysis Section A.1 Basic Financial Statement Analysis a. Common size statement = line items on income statement and statement of cash flows presented as a percent of sales; line items on balance sheet presented as a percent of total assets b. Common base year statements = (new line item amount /base year line item amount) x 100 c. Annual growth rate of line items = (new line item amount / old line item amount) – 1 * Letter references refer to subtopics in Learning Outcome Statements Revised 3/30/2012 Section A.2 Financial Performance Metrics – Financial Ratios Unless otherwise indicated, end of year data is used for balance sheet items; full year data is used for income statement and statement of cash flow items. Liquidity a. Net working capital = current assets – current liabilities b(1) Current ratio = current assets / current liabilities b(2) Quick ratio or acid test ratio = (cash + marketable securities + accounts receivable) / current liabilities b(3) Cash ratio = (cash + marketable securities) / current liabilities b(4) Cash flow ratio = operating cash flow / current liabilities b(5) Net working capital ratio = net working capital / total assets Leverage g(1) Degree of financial leverage = % change in net income / % change in EBIT, or = EBIT / EBT g(2) Degree of operating leverage = % change in EBIT / % change in sales, or = contribution margin / EBIT i. Financial leverage ratio = assets / equity j(1) Total debt to total capital ratio = (current liabilities + long term liabilities) / (total debt + total equity) j(2) Debt to equity ratio = total debt / equity j(3) Long-term debt to equity ratio = (total debt – current liabilities) / equity j(4) Debt to total assets ratio = total debt / total assets k(1) Fixed charge coverage = earnings before fixed charges and taxes / fixed charges fixed charges include interest, required principal repayment, and leases k(2) Interest coverage (times interest earned) = EBIT / interest expense k(3) Cash flow to fixed charges = (cash from operations + fixed charges + tax payments) / fixed charges. Note: cash from operations is after-tax. Activity m(1) Accounts receivable turnover = credit sales / average gross accounts receivables m(2) Inventory turnover = cost of goods sold / average inventory m(3) Accounts payable turnover = credit purchases / average accounts payable n(1) Days sales in receivables = average accounts receivable / (credit sales / 365), or = 365 / accounts receivable turnover n(2) Days sales in inventory = average inventory / (cost of sales / 365), or = 365 / inventory turnover n(3) Days purchases in payables = average payables / (purchase / 365), or = 365 / payables turnover o(1) Operating cycle = days sales in receivables + days sales in inventory o(2) Cash cycle = Operating cycle – days purchases in payables p(1) Total asset turnover = sales / average total assets p(2) Fixed asset turnover = sales / average net plant, property and equipment Profitability q(1) Gross profit margin percentage = gross profit / sales q(2) Operating profit margin percentage = operating income / sales q(3) Net profit margin percentage = net income / sales q(4) EBITDA margin = EBITDA / sales r(1) ROA = net income / average total assets r(2) ROE = net income / average equity Market s(1) Market-to-book ratio = current stock price / book value per share s(2) Price earnings ratio = market price per share / EPS s(3) Price to EBITDA ratio = market price per share / EBITDA per share t. Book value per share = (total stockholders’ equity – preferred equity) / number of common shares outstanding v(1) Basic EPS = (net income – preferred dividends) / weighted average common shares outstanding (Number of shares outstanding is weighted by the number of months shares are outstanding) v(2) Diluted EPS = (net income – preferred dividends) / diluted weighted average common shares outstanding (Diluted EPS adjusts common shares by adding shares that may be issued for convertible securities and options) w(1) Earnings yield = EPS / current market price per common share w(2) Dividend yield = annual dividends per share / market price per share w(3) Dividend payout ratio = common dividend / earnings available to common shareholders w(4) Shareholder return = (ending stock price – beginning stock price + annual dividends per share) / beginning stock price Section A.3 Profitability Analysis b(1) ROA = Net profit margin x total asset turnover; (net income / sales) x (sales / average total assets) = net income / average total assets b(2) ROE = ROA x financial leverage; (net income / average total assets) x (average total assets / average equity )= net income / average equity f. Net profit margin x total asset turnover x equity multiplier (DuPont model) = return on common equity; (net income / sales) x (sales / average total assets) x (average total assets) / average equity k. Gross profit margin percentage = (sales – cost of sales) / sales l(1) Operating profit margin percentage = operating income / sales l(2) Net profit margin percentage = net income / sales n. Sustainable growth rate = (1- dividend payout ratio) x ROE Section C Decision Analysis and Risk Management Section C.1 Cost/volume/profit analysis g(1) Breakeven point in units = fixed costs / unit contribution margin g(2) Breakeven point in dollars = fixed costs / (unit contribution margin / selling price) j(1) Margin of safety = planned sales – breakeven sales j(2) Margin of safety ratio = margin of safety / planned sales Section C.3 Pricing l Elasticity is calculated using the midpoint formula. For price elasticity of demand E = [change in quantity / (average of quantities)] / [change in price / (average of prices)]
Posted on: Sat, 20 Dec 2014 10:10:52 +0000