Caliphs at Córdoba[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Caliphate of Córdoba Consult particular article for details Rahman III to help in his fight against the invasion by the Fatimids claimed the Caliphate in opposition to the generally recognized Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad.[142] Almoravid Ifriqiyah and Iberia[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Almoravid dynasty Consult particular article for details Ifriqiyah, Iberian Almohad caliphs[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Almohad dynasty Consult particular article for details The Crusades[edit source | editbeta] Main article: The Crusades Saladin and Guy of Lusignan after the Battle of Hattin List of Crusades Early period · First Crusade 1095–1099 · Second Crusade 1147–1149 · Third Crusade 1187–1192 Low Period · Fourth Crusade 1202–1204 · Fifth Crusade 1217–1221 · Sixth Crusade 1228–1229 Late period · Seventh Crusade 1248–1254 · Eighth Crusade 1270 · Ninth Crusade 1271–1272 Beginning in the 8th century, the Iberian Christian kingdoms had begun the Reconquista aimed at retaking Al-Andalus from the Moors. In 1095, Pope Urban II, inspired by the conquests in Spain by Christian forces and implored by the eastern Roman emperor to help defend Christianity in the East, called for the First Crusade from Western Europe which captured Odessa, Antioch, County of Tripoli and Jerusalem.[143] In the early period of the Crusades, the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem emerged and for a time controlled Jerusalem. The Kingdom of Jerusalem and other smaller Crusader kingdoms over the next 90 years formed part of the complicated politics of the Levant, but did not in threaten the Islamic Caliphate nor other powers in the region. After Shirkuh ended Fatimid rule in 1169, uniting it with Syria, the Crusader kingdoms were faced with a threat, and his nephew Saladin reconquered most of the area in 1187, leaving the Crusaders holding a few ports.[144] In the Third Crusade armies from Europe failed to recapture Jerusalem, though Crusader states lingered for several decades, and other crusades followed. The Christian Reconquista continued in Al-Andalus, and was eventually completed with the fall of Granada in 1492. During the low period of the Crusades, the Fourth Crusade was diverted from the Levant and instead took Constantinople, leaving the Eastern Roman Empire (now the Byzantine Empire) further weakened in their long struggle against the Turkish peoples to the east. However, the crusaders did manage to damage Islamic caliphates; according to William of Malmesbury, preventing them from further expansion into Christendom[145] and being targets of the Mamluks and the Mongols. See also: High Middle Ages, Frankokratia, and Crusader states
Posted on: Mon, 05 Aug 2013 17:16:19 +0000
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