Cheyenne Culture The name is derived from Cheyenne Tsetchestahase, Tsitsistas, or Dzitsistas, means beautiful people or our people. Cheyenne, pronounced shy-ANN or SHY-ann, was the name of the Sioux (Dakota, Lakota, Nakota) of the tribe, meaning red talkers or people of different language. For a Sioux (a Siouan language Sioux), the language of the Algonquian Cheyenne sounded incomprehensible. The Cheyenne originally lived in the vicinity of other Algonquins in the territory that is now called Minnesota, lived in permanent villages and agriculture was practiced in addition to hunting and gathering. The period of which we speak is confirmed by scholars, historians who recorded everything, as the French explorer René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle. In 1680, a group of Cheyenne came to visit the fort La Salle in Illinois, was the first time that Europeans came into contact with members of the tribe, after this date the Cheyenne crossed the Minnesota River and migrated westward into what is now South Dakota is known, probably driven by hostile bands of Sioux and Chippewa (Ojibway), eventually settling along the Red River. Towards the end of 1700 the Cheyenne were able to acquire the use of the horse, changing their lifestyle from sedentary nomads who followed the migrations of the buffalo in the Great Plains. Various were the migrations of the original tribe that fell apart in various sections such as the one in 1800 moved along the west side of the Red River along a branch coming up in the Black Hills at that time a population of Algonquian origin dellest Missouri, known as the Sutaio tribe, merged with that of the Cheyenne and became one of the 10 bands belonging to their circle. The Sioux Cheyenne instead pushed further south near the North Platte River in what is now the Cheyenne Wyoming and western Nebraska have the effigy of the famous horse carved in stone. Around 1832, the Cheyenne were separated into two parts: one was along the headwaters of the Platte River and became known to the whites as the Northern Cheyenne, the other branch migrated further south near the river Arkansas River in what is now known as eastern Colorado and western Kansas. In their new location, the Southern Cheyenne warred against the Kiowa and Comanche, but then in 1840, formed an alliance with these two tribes against their enemies, the Crow, the Pawnee, Shoshone, Ute and the Apache. During this period the Northern Cheyenne became close allies of the Northern Arapaho, who lived near them in Wyoming. Similarly, the Southern Cheyenne allied with the Arapaho in southern Colorado. These tribes became all important to the struggle of Native Americans to maintain the traditional way of life in the great plains against the excessive power of the white invaders. The Cheyenne are classified as part of the culture of the Great Plains because of their nomadic lifestyle, the use of horses, hunting buffalo and their use of types. With regard to their political organization, the Cheyenne were organized with a Council of forty-four: each of the 44 heads of peace were a band and was the head of an extended family. The responsibilities of the leaders included aspects such quell disputes, deciding when to move a field: the distinctive features of these garments as well as for all the Cheyenne, had the wisdom, calmness, kindness, fairness, altruism, generosity, energy and courage. The leaders thought to the health of the tribe as well as that of each individual, being always ready to sacrifice themselves readily to help others improve their lives. This council of 44 leaders also took decisions on entry into the war of the tribes and with regard to alliances between villages, but they were not involved in the actual raid or in the specific military strategy, these things that were left to the warriors of the tribes experts, this despite the fact that prior to their entry into office as leaders had also led service as warriors but they were pulled out once elected representatives, well realizing that only he who lives the situation of the battle can decide how to act for the better . Each company had its rituals, its sacred objects, symbols and his own clothes. With regard to the Cheyenne warriors were not grouped by age, some tribes such as the Arapaho also took account of the age to enter the individual into the upper echelon of society, the society included the Cheyenne Dog Soldiers, Fox, Elk (or Hoof Rattle), the Bowstring (or against), the Wolf and the companies in the North of Mad Dogs, despite the latter two became part of the history of Cheyenne until later. The most famous of these bands were the Dog Soldiers, who played an important role in the wars for the Great Plains. The ideal structure of the company was based on the fact that Cheyenne was first the family, then the group, then the whole tribe. The tribe had many rules governing behavior in and out of groups, for example women Cheyenne were famous for their chastity, considered to be the best wife, because they were properly educated before they were married, because of the taboo about the relationship before marriage, courtship was very complicated and time consuming. Sometimes we also wanted four years to woo his future wife hoping for a nod, before the womans part of the family and then also often the suitor days remained stationed along the route that her family walked habitually in order to procure water or wash their things or to make firewood, hoping to have a word with her, always hoping to please her because if the girl did not like the suitor would never have spoken to her, but no one could ever speak of love . It was also required that the family offered him many gifts for permission to marry the girls boyfriend (only if she accepted) The most important ceremonies among the Cheyenne were the Renewal of the Arrow, the ritual of the sun dance and the dance of animals. The first rite was interested in the four Sacred Arrows of the tribe that would have been passed to the tribe from its ancestral legendary hero, Sweet Medicine. Sweet Medicine allegedly made a pilgrimage in the history of the tribe to the Sacred Mountains near the Black Hills, where Maiyun, the Great Spirit, gave him four arrows, two for hunting and two for the war. I kept the Cheyenne Sacred Arrows (mahuts) in a package of medicine with other tribal objects, including the Sacred Buffalo Hat (sacred buffalo headdress - Isiwun), based on the skin of a buffalo. After a long planning, once a year all the bands of the tribe, ten willow branches tied together that would have been incurred by a wooden tripod. Their types were arranged in a circle with the center three special holy places (lodge) one of the sacred arrow, one of the one who holds the sacred arrow and the last was the loggia of the offer. For one week the male participants performed a series of rituals to renew the power of the sacred arrows. The Sun Dance was also a ceremony of renewal, carried out every year to make the world more new, many Plains tribes practiced Sun Dance with various rituals. For all the tribes was a ceremony of eight days, which was made through the implementation of a lodge with a special sacred pole in the center, shamans, men dancing in front of the pole to autotorturarsi giving his pain to the world. Generally, a pole was planted inside a circle that enclosed a piece of consecrated ground in which you performed the rite of sacrifice were arranged around the pole dancers who were attacked with sharp bones planted in the breast meat attached to ropes that hung from the summit of the sacred pole. At the start of the music the dancers danced back and forth, turning around to try to remove the spikes stuck in the flesh without using his hands, which he did literally tear the flesh, opening wounds that bled profusely. This ritual was banned by the American government since 1910. The Dance of the animals Hunting was a ceremony supposedly taught by Sweet Medicine the Sacred Mountain to help Hunters Cheyenne to provide enough food for their people. The ritual lasted five days and was held once a year, where in the first 4 days there is prepared by painting the skin of a wolf that had to be worn by the Master of Ceremonies as well as building a fence. Unlike the sacred rite of the arrows women could contribute to the preparation of the event. The fifth day began the ritual where men dressed as animals, pretending to hunt inside the enclosure, the warriors did everything in reverse during the dance came in many so-called clowns who were to entertain people (actually the symbolic form the clown is a particular form of entity or force that brings confusion, but confusion arises from the order and life). Just because of the way the contrary to make the warriors of these dancers dance form has been named Crazy dance (dance crazy). Most of the bands Cheyenne wanted peace with the whites, the representatives signed a treaty with the federal government in the winter of 1825, but shortly after, traders built Fort Bent on the Arkansas River. In 1849, the Cheyenne suffered a devastating cholera epidemic, which killed some 2,000 people from the tribe. In 1851, the Cheyenne participated in the first of two treaties signed at Fort Laramie in Wyoming, whose aim was to ensure a safe passage for settlers along the Oregon Trail (via ferrata) from Missouri to Oregon, and yet, many settlers violated the terms of the treaties. The scouts whites entered the domain Cheyenne along the Smoky Hill Trail to the Rocky Mountains and some of the Southern Cheyenne attacked them. Soldiers on horseback rode to punish the bands of militants natives in 1857, which culminated in the Battle of Solomon Fork in western Kansas, where the cavalry saber loaded with civilians, even entering in tents for killing, trampling those who take refuge in them with the horses hooves. The following year he began the gold rush of Colorado called Pikes Peak gold. A growing number of miners and settlers arrived in Colorado to stay. In subsequent years, the officials, in particular the Governor of Colorado John Evans, tried to open the hunting grounds of Cheyenne and Arapaho to increase the expansion of white, but the two tribes refused to sell their land and move to the reserves. Evans decided to force the issue through the war and commanded the militia volunteers to attack the natives using the volunteer militia commanded by Colonel John Chivington.Nella spring of 1864, Chivington launched its campaign of violence against the Cheyenne and Arapaho, launching its troops to attack, loot and burn their villages, they began to take place so many raids by other tribes of nearby settlements. This period is called the Cheyenne- Arapaho War or the War of 1864-65 Colorado. This war will put pressure on traders who indirono a meeting to be arranged with the natives collect them at Camp Weld outside of Denver. In this meeting, tribal leaders said that if they had camped in the vicinity of the camp would be safe as long as they maintained a peaceful behavior for the duration of the meeting but as soon as they reached the natives on the place to camp Chivington, who supported the campaign for the extermination of the Indians, he ignored the agreements. The one on the Sand Creek massacre was one of the most cruel of Indian history, although it is not known how the incident involving the Sioux at Wounded Knee, which was just as bad with even more victims. On the morning of November 29, 1864, Chivingtons men, many of whom were drunk, took up positions around the Indian camp, when Black Kettle raised the white flag is that the American on his tent as a sign of peace, Chivington ordered the attack by firing guns and cannons. They were able to save themselves a few warriors, in fact when the attack stopped 200 Cheyenne were killed, more than half the women and children (in this America has not lost the habit with other civilizations). Chivington was later denounced in Congress to be subjected to an investigation about the incident and forced to resign (the firing squad not punished for matters related to such things as today ..) but the action of the government was too slow to prevent war in fact, who had escaped from the massacre spread the news to other tribes, confirming fears that snaked in different native ethnic groups. In the years after the Civil War, the army launched two campaigns against the Plains Indians, the Bozeman on the plains of north and Hancock on the southern plains. In the war for the Bozeman of 1866-68, some Northern Cheyenne under Dull Knife fought on the side of Sioux Red Cloud. The failure of the army and in the countryside than in the Bozeman Hancock, plus the Sand Creek Massacre earlier, forced the officials of the United States to seek peace with the powerful tribes of the plains. In the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, the Sioux was granted a reserve on the northern plains. Even in this case (as in all others) the white invaders violated the terms of the treaties, settling on Indian lands and the warriors continued to implement their raids. The Cheyenne Dog Soldiers attacked settlements along the rivers and Sabine Solomon, to General Philip Sheridan was given command again. The first major conflict involving his troops was the Battle of Beecher Island in 1868, which ended in a stalemate. Lieutenant Frederick Beecher and the highly revered warrior named Nose dog along with many others on both sides lost their lives in this battle. The following winter, Sheridan launched three attacks, with three columns converging with all the troops present in strong in Colorado, Kansas and New Mexico, against Cheyenne, Arapaho, Comanche and Kiowa. The campaign of Sheridan broke the resistance of most groups of the Southern Cheyenne. After several clashes between the Indians and the American military, which claimed the lives of several key actors in American history from both sides, in 1884, after further negotiations, the Northern Cheyenne were eventually translated into the reserves of Montana. Most of the Northern Cheyenne still live in the reserve allotted: the headquarters is located in Lame Deer, Montana; the Southern Cheyenne live today in federal lands with the Southern Arapaho Oklahoma, and have their headquarters in Concho. The economy of the Cheyenne tribe is based on the income derived from agriculture, livestock and rent for the land for mining. Even today we revere as highly spiritual things of a connection of the ancient tradition and the new Sacred Arrows and the headdress of the Sacred Buffalo handed down from generation to generation both. Traditional arts include the cutting of the stone sacred pipe, woodworking, work with feathers (now we mostly use turkey feathers of an eagle is not for ornamental work so do not steal money from sellers complacent ensure that mcon be made of eagle feathers), works with the skin and the quillworking, as well as drawing shapes that recall the traditions or things even more trendy and new. An important Cheyenne native who overcame the barriers of politics entering it to be part of it, while also pursuing the tradition of jewelers engraver Ben Nighthorse Campbell, Colorado. After serving in the House of Representatives in 1987-1992, was elected to the Senate in 1992, becoming the first Native American to serve as a senator for more than 60 years, becoming crucial for the passage of the name of the national monument to Custer Little Bighorn, where the famous battle took place between Indian and American military personnel, changing ilnome National Monument in the battle at Little Bighorn and founding a museum for Native Americans, part of the Smithsonian Museum. Nighthouse Campbell was re-elected in November 1998, and remained in office until 2004 In 2002, the privately owned land where lay the sand of the place of the massacre of the Creek was purchased and donated to the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes of Oklahoma, this part property is managed by the National Park service.
Posted on: Thu, 11 Sep 2014 10:36:26 +0000
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