DO YOU WHERE IS KURDISTAN? Western and Northwestern Iranian Platea Upper Mesopotamia, Zagros ,Southeaste Anatolia, including parts of northwester Iran, northern Iraq, northeastern Syria an southeastern Turkey Kurdistan Land of the Kurds also formerly spelled Curdistan ancient name: Corduene is a roughly defined geo-cultural region wherein the Kurdish people form a prominent majority population, and Kurdish culture, language, and national identity have historically been based.Contemporary use of Kurdistan refers to large parts of eastern Turkey (Turkish Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan), northwestern Iran (Iranian Kurdistan) and northeastern Syria (Syrian Kurdistan) inhabited mainly by Kurds. Kurdistan roughly encompasses the northwestern Zagros and the eastern Taurus mountain ranges. Some Kurdish nationalist organizations seek to create an independent nation state of Kurdistan,consisting of some or all of the areas with Kurdish majority, while others campaign for greater Kurdish autonomy within the existing national boundaries. Iraqi Kurdistan first gained autonomous status in a 1970 agreement with the Iraqi government, and its status was re-confirmed as an autonomous entity within the federal Iraqi republic in 2005.There is a province by the name Kurdistan in Iran; it is not self-ruled. Kurds fighting in the Syrian Civil War were able to take control of large sections of northeast Syria as forces loyal to al-Assad withdrew to fight elsewhere. Having established their own government, some Kurds called for autonomy in a democratic Syria; others hoped to establish an independent Kurdistan. History: Main article: History of the Kurdish people Ancient period Main articles: Hurrians, Gutians ,Mannaeans, Corduene and Armenians Various groups, among them the Guti, Hurrian, Mannai (Mannaeans), and Armenians had lived in this region in antiquity The original Mannaean homeland was situated east and south of the Lake Urmia, roughly centered around modern-day Mahabad.The Medes came under Persian rule during the reign of Cyrus the Great and Darius. The Kingdom of Corduene, which emerged from the declining Seleucid Empire, was located to the south and south-east of Lake Van between Persia and Mesopotamia and ruled northern Mesopotamia and southeastern Anatolia from 189 BC to AD 384 as vassals of the vying Parthian and Roman Empire. At its zenith, the Roman Empire ruled large Kurdish-inhabited areas, particularly the western and northern Kurdish areas in the Middle East. Corduene became a vassal state of the Roman Republic in 66 BC and remained allied with the Romans until AD 384. After 66 BC, it passed another 5 times between Rome and Persia. Corduene was situated to the east of Tigranocerta, that is, to the east and south of present-day Diyarbakır in south-eastern Turkey. Ancient Kurdistan as Kard-uchi, during Alexander the Greats Empire, 4th century BC Some historians have correlated a connection between Corduene with the modern names of Kurds and Kurdistan. A. Sinclair dismissed this identification as false, while a common association is asserted in the Columbia Encyclopedia. Some of the ancient districts of Kurdistan and their corresponding modern names: 1. Corduene or Gordyene (Siirt, Bitlis and Şırnak) 2. Sophene (Diyarbakır) 3. Zabdicene or Bezabde (Gozarto dQardu or Jazirat Ibn or Cizre) 4. Basenia (Bayazid) 5. Moxoene (Muş) 6. Nephercerta (Miyafarkin) 7. Artemita (Van) 19th-century map showing the location of the Kingdom of Corduene in 60 B.C One of the earliest records of the phrase land of the Kurds is found in a Syriac Christian document of late antiquity, describing the stories of Christian saints of the Middle East, such as the Abdisho. When the Sassanid Marzban asked Mar Abdisho about his place of origin, he replied that according to his parents, they were originally from Hazza, a village in Assyria. However they were later driven out of Hazza by pagans, and settled in Tamanon, which according to Abdisho was in the land of the Kurds. Tamanon lies just north of the modern Iraq-Turkey border, while Hazza is 12 km southwest of modern Irbil. In another passage in the same document, the region of the Khabur River is also identified as land of the Kurds. Medieval period Main articles: Shaddadid, Rawadid,Hasanwayhid, Annazid and Marwanid Map of Jibal (Mountains of Eastern/Northern Mesopotamia), Highlighting Summer and winter resorts of the Kurds, the Kurdish lands. by Ibn Hawqal, 977 AC. In the tenth and eleventh centuries, several Kurdish principalities emerged in the region: in the North the Shaddadid (951–1174) (in east Transcaucasia between the Kur and Araxes rivers) and the Rawadid (955–1221) (centered in Tabriz and ruled all of Azarbaijan), in the East the Hasanwayhid (959–1015) (in Zagros between Shahrizor and Khuzistan) and the Annazid (990–1116) (centered in Hulwan) and in the West the Marwanid (990–1096) in south of Diyarbakır and north of Jazira. Map by Mahmud al-Kashgari (1074), showing Arḍ al-Akrād Arabic for land of Kurds located between Arḍ al-Šām (Syria), and Arḍ al-ʿIrāqayn (Iraq Arabi and Iraq Ajami). Kurdistan in the Middle Ages was a collection of semi-independent and independent states called emirates. It was nominally under indirect political or religious influence of Khalifs or Shahs. A comprehensive history of these states and their relationship with their neighbors is given in the text of Sharafnama, written by Prince Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi in 1597. The emirates included Baban, Soran, Badinan and Garmiyan in present-day Iraq; Bakran, Bohtan (or Botan) and Badlis in Turkey, and Mukriyan and Ardalan in Iran. The earliest medieval attestation of the toponym Kurdistan is found in a 12th century Armenian historical text by Matteos Urhayeci. He described a battle near Amid and Siverek in 1062 as to have taken place in Kurdistan.The second record occurs in the prayer from the colophon of an Armenian manuscript of the Gospels, written in 1200. A later use of the term Kurdistan is found in Nuzhat-al-Qulub, written by Hamdollah Mostowfi in 1340. Modern period Kurdish Independent Kingdoms and Autonomous Principalities circa 1835. In the 16th century, after prolonged wars, Kurdish-inhabited areas were split between the Safavid and Ottoman empires. A major division of Kurdistan occurred in the aftermath of the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, and was formalized in the 1639 Treaty of Zuhab.Apart from the century long intermittent Iranian rule in the.early modern to modern period over Kurdish native areas, and the regain of all of it and far, far beyond by the Iranian military genius Nader Shah in the first half of the 18th century, most of Mesopotamia, eastern Anatolia, and northeastern Syria (emcomprising large parts of what is meant to be Kurdistan), stayed under intermittent Ottoman rule for many centuries after the Treaty of Zuhab, virtually until the aftermath of World War I. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Allies contrived to create several countries within its former boundaries – according to the never-ratified Treaty of Sèvres, Kurdistan, along with Armenia, were to be among them. However, the reconquest of these areas by the forces of Kemal Atatürk (and other pressing issues) caused the Allies to accept the renegotiated Treaty of Lausanne and the borders of the modern Republic of Turkey – leaving the Kurds without a self-ruled region. Other Kurdish areas were assigned to the new British and French mandated states of Iraq and Syria. At the San Francisco Peace Conference of 1945, the Kurdish delegation proposed consideration of territory claimed by the Kurds, which encompassed an area extending from the Mediterranean shores near Adana to the shores of the Persian Gulf near Bushehr, and included the Lur inhabited areas of southern Zagros At the end of the First Gulf War, the Allies established a safe haven in northern Iraq. Amid the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from three northern provinces, Iraqi Kurdistan emerged in 1992 as an autonomous entity inside Iraq with its own local government and parliament. A 2010 US report, written before the instability in Syria and Iraq that exists as of 2014, attested that Kurdistan may exist by 2030. The weakening of the Iraqi state following the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive by the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant has also presented an opportunity for independence, augmented by Turkeys move towards acceptance of such a state. Turkey Main articles: Turkey-PKK conflict, Kurdish-Iraqi conflict, Kurdish separatism in Iran and 2012 Syrian Kurdistan rebellion Kurdish PKK militant. The incorporation into Turkey of the Kurdish- inhabited regions of eastern Anatolia was opposed by many Kurds, and has resulted in a long-running separatist conflict in which thousands of lives have been lost. The region saw several major Kurdish rebellions, including the Koçkiri Rebellion of 1920 under the Ottomans, then successive insurrection under the Turkish state – including the 1924 Sheikh Said Rebellion, the Republic of Ararat in 1927, and the 1937 Dersim Rebellion. All were forcefully put down by the authorities. The region was declared a closed military area from which foreigners were banned between 1925 and 1965. The city of Batman, eastern Turkey In 1983, the Kurdish provinces were placed under martial law in response to the activities of the militant separatist organization, Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK).A guerrilla war took place through the 1980s and 1990s in which much of the countryside was evacuated, thousands of Kurdish-populated villages were destroyed, and numerous extrajudicial summary executions were carried out by both sides.More than 37,000 people were killed in the violence and hundreds of thousands more were forced to leave their homes. Volatility in the region eased following the capture of PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan in 1999, and, with the encouragement of European Union, the adoption of tolerance policies toward Kurdish cultural activities by the Turkish state. After 2004, political violence increased, and the Turkish-Iraqi border region remains tense. Turkey has historically feared that a Kurdish state in Northern Iraq would encourage and support Kurdish separatists in the adjacent Turkish provinces, and have therefore historically strongly opposed Kurdish independence in Iraq. However, following the chaos in Iraq after the US invasion, Turkey has increasingly worked with the de facto autonomous Kurds in Iraq.The successful 2014 Northern Iraq offensive by the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, with the resultant weakening of the ability of the Iraqi state to project power, also presented a golden opportunity for the Kurds to increase their independence and possibly declare an independent Kurdish state.The Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, who took more than 80 Turkish persons captive in Mosul during their offensive, is an enemy of Turkey, making Kurdistan useful for Turkey as a buffer state. On 28 June 2014 Hüseyin Çelik, a spokesman for the ruling AK party, made comments to the Financial Times indicating Turkeys readiness to accept an independent Kurdistan in northern Iraq. People. Main article: Kurdish people The Kurds are a people of Indo-European origin. They speak an Iranian language known as Kurdish, and comprise the majority of the population of the region – however, included therein are Arab, Armenian, Assyrian, Azeri, Jewish, Ossetian, Persian, and Turkic communities. Most inhabitants are Muslim, but adherents to other religions are present as well- including Yazidis, the Yarsan, Alevis, Christians, and Jews.Geography According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, Kurdistan covers about 190,000 km², and its chief towns are Diyarbakır (Amed), Bitlis (Bedlîs) and Van (Wan) in Turkey, Arbil (Hewlêr) and Slemani in Iraq, and Kermanshah (Kirmanşan), Sanandaj (Sine) and Mahabad (Mehabad) in Iran.[55] According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Kurdistan covers around 190,000 km² in Turkey, 125,000 km² in Iran, 65,000 km² in Iraq, and 12,000 km² in Syria, with a total area of approximately 392,000 km². Historic map from 1721, showing borders of Curdistan provinces in Persia. Iraqi Kurdistan is divided into six governorates, three of which (and parts of others) are under the control of the Kurdistan Regional Government. Iranian Kurdistan encompasses Kurdistan Province and the greater parts of West Azerbaijan, Kermanshah, and Īlām provinces. Syrian Kurdistan (Kurdish: Kurdistana Binxetê) is located primarily in northeastern Syria, and covers the greater part of the province of Al Hasakah. The major cities in this region are Al- Qamishli (Kurdish: Qamişlû) and Al Hasakah (Kurdish: Hesaka). Turkish Kurdistan encompasses a large area of south eastern Turkey and it is home to an estimated 15 to 20 million Kurds.[58] Subdivisions (Upper and Lower Kurdistan) In A Dictionary of Scripture Geography (published 1846), John Miles describes Upper and Lower Kurdistan as following: The northern, northwestern and northeastern parts of Kurdistan are referred to as upper Kurdistan, and includes the areas from west of Amed to lake Urmia. The lowlands of southern Kurdistan are called lower Kurdistan. The main cities in this area are Kirkuk and Arbil. Climate: Much of the region is typified by an extreme continental climate – hot in the summer, bitterly cold in the winter. Despite this, much of the region is fertile and has historically exported grain and livestock. Precipitation varies between 200 and 400 mm a year in the plains, and between 700 and 3,000 mm a year on the high plateau between mountain chains. Forests: Kurdistan is a mountainous region with a cold climate receiving annual precipitation adequate to sustain temperate forests and shrubs. Mountain chains harbor pastures and forested valleys, totaling approximately 16 million hectares (160,000 km²), including firs and other conifers, oaks, platanus, willow, and poplar.[56] Mountains: Canyon in Rawanduz in northern Iraq. Mountains are important geographical and symbolic features of Kurdish life, as evidenced by the saying Kurds have no friends but the mountains. Included in the region are Mount Judi and Ararat (both prominent in Kurdish culture. Rivers: Zê river in Zebari region, Iraq. The plateaus and mountains of Kurdistan, which are characterized by heavy rain and snow fall, act as a water reservoir for the Near and Middle East, forming the source of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, as well as other numerous smaller rivers, such as the Khabur, Tharthar, Ceyhan, Araxes, Kura, Sefidrud, Karkha, and Hezil. Among rivers of historical importance to Kurds are the Murat (Arasān) and Buhtān rivers in Turkey; the Peshkhābur, the Little Zab, the Great Zab, and the Diyala in Iraq; and the Jaghatu (Zarrinarud), the Tātāu (Siminarud), the Zohāb (Zahāb), and the Gāmāsiyāb in Iran. These rivers, which flow from heights of three to four thousand meters above sea level, are significant both as water sources and for the production of energy. Iraq and Syria dammed many of these rivers and their tributaries, and Turkey has an extensive dam system under construction as part of the GAP (Southeast Anatolia Project); though incomplete, the GAP already supplies a significant proportion of Turkeys electrical energy needs. Due to the extraordinary archaeological richness of the region, almost any dam impacts historic sites. Lakes: Kurdistan extends to Lake Urmia in Iran on the east and to semi-contiguous Kurdish-inhabited regions to the west on the Mediterranean. The region includes Lake Van, the largest body of water in Turkey; the only lake in the Middle East with a larger surface is Lake Urmia – though not nearly as deep as Lake Van, which has a much larger volume. Urmia, Van, as well as Zarivar Lake west of Marivan, and Lake Dukan near the city of Sulaymaniyah, are frequented by tourists. Petroleum and mineral resources: KRG-controlled parts of Iraqi Kurdistan are estimated to contain around 45 billion barrels (7.2 × 109 m3) of oil, making it the sixth largest reserve in the world. Extraction of these reserves began in 2007. Iraqs former Baath regime controls the resources of Kirkuk and Mosul, cities claimed by the KRG to be included in its territory. In November 2011, Exxon challenged the Iraqi central governments authority with the signing of oil and gas contracts for exploration rights to six parcels of land in Kurdistan, including one contract in the disputed territories, just east of the Kirkuk mega-field.[62] This act caused Baghdad to threaten to revoke Exxons contract in its southern fields, most notably the West- Qurna Phase 1 project.[63] Exxon responded by announcing its intention to leave the West- Qurna project.[64] As of July 2007, the Kurdish government solicited foreign companies to invest in 40 new oil sites, with the hope of increasing regional oil production over the following 5 years by a factor of five, to about 1 million barrels per day (160,000 m3/d).[65] Gas and associated gas reserves are in excess of 2,800 km3 (100 × 1012 cu ft). Notable companies active in Kurdistan include Exxon, Total, Chevron, Talisman Energy, Genel Energy, Hunt Oil, Gulf Keystone Petroleum, and Marathon Oil.[66] Other mineral resources that exist in significant quantities in the region include coal, copper, gold, iron, limestone (which is used to produce cement), marble, and zinc. The worlds largest deposit of rock sulfur is located just southwest of Arbil (Hewlêr).[67] In July 2012, Turkey and the Kurdistan Regional Government signed an agreement by which Turkey will supply the KRG with refined petroleum products in exchange for crude oil. Crude deliveries are expected to occur on a regular basis.[68] Cities with population over 100,000 City Population Kurdish Region Hewlêr 1,293,839 Iraqi Kurdistan Silêmanî 1,190,251 Iraqi Kurdistan Dihok 900,000 Iraqi Kurdistan Kerkûk 850,787 Iraqi Kurdistan Amed 843,460 Turkish Kurdistan Kirmaşan 828,313 Iranian Kurdistan Riha 526,247 Turkish Kurdistan Wan 370,190 Turkish Kurdistan Êlih 348,963 Turkish Kurdistan Elezîz 347,857 Turkish Kurdistan Zaxo 336,129 Iraqi Kurdistan Senne 311,446 Iranian Kurdistan Dihok 284,000 Iraqi Kurdistan Kelar 226,000 Iraqi Kurdistan Semsûr 217,463 Turkish Kurdistan Hesîçe 188,160 Syrian Kurdistan Qamişlo 184,231 Syrian Kurdistan Bokan 171,773 Iranian Kurdistan Mehabad 149,000 Iranian Kurdistan Qoser 147,585 Turkish Kurdistan Sêrt 135,350 Turkish Kurdistan Seqiz 131,348 Iranian Kurdistan Ranye 130,257 Iraqi Kurdistan Sêwreg 120,556 Turkish Kurdistan Pîranşar 115,065 Iranian Kurdistan Helebce 110,824 Iraqi Kurdistan Qerekose 107,839 Turkish Kurdistan Cizîr 106,831 Turkish Kurdistan Rewandiz 102,399 Iraqi Kurdistan Sêmêl 100,995 Iraqi Kurdistan
Posted on: Tue, 05 Aug 2014 14:41:09 +0000
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