Further scientific proof that “Adam and Eve” were Khoisan – Compiled by Adv. De Waal Lubbe Age of the Association between Helicobacter pylori and Man Scientific studies done by a select, being among the very best scientists in their field, from Germany, Austria, USA, Ireland, Uganda, and South Africa (University of Pretoria, and Witwatersdrand University), also clearly proves that the proverbial “Adam and Eve” were Khoisan. The full research article can be Googled under the heading above. What follows hereafter, is the crux which is quoted directly hereunder. Abstract “When modern humans left Africa ca. 60,000 years ago (60 kya), they were already infected with Helicobacter pylori, and these bacteria have subsequently diversified in parallel with their human hosts. But how long were humans infected by H. pylori prior to the out-of-Africa event? Did this co-evolution predate the emergence of modern humans, spanning the species divide? To answer these questions, we investigated the diversity of H. pylori in Africa, where both humans and H. pylori originated. Three distinct H. pylori populations are native to Africa: hpNEAfrica in Afro-Asiatic and Nilo-Saharan speakers, hpAfrica1 in Niger-Congo speakers and hpAfrica2 in South Africa. Rather than representing a sustained co-evolution over millions of years, we find that the coalescent for all H. pylori plus its closest relative H. acinonychis dates to 88–116 kya. At that time the phylogeny split into two primary super-lineages, one of which is associated with the former hunter-gatherers in southern Africa known as the San. H. acinonychis, which infects large felines, resulted from a later host jump from the San, 43–56 kya. These dating estimates, together with striking phylogenetic and quantitative human-bacterial similarities show that H. pylori is approximately as old as are anatomically modern humans. They also suggest that H. pylori may have been acquired via a single host jump from an unknown, non-human host. We also find evidence for a second Out of Africa migration in the last 52,000 years, because hpEurope is a hybrid population between hpAsia2 and hpNEAfrica, the latter of which arose in northeast Africa 36–52 kya, after the Out of Africa migrations around 60 kya”……… “We previously showed that the population history of H. pylori may be used as a marker for human migrations, including the demonstration that humans carried H. pylori out of Africa 60,000 years ago during their recent global expansions. But how long were humans infected by H. pylori prior to the out-of-Africa event? Here we showed that chimpanzees in Central-East Africa do not possess Helicobacter-like bacteria, as would have been expected for pathogen-host co-evolution over millions of years. Using H. pylori gene sequences isolated from San, a group of click-speaking hunter-gatherers, and numerous other sources, we calculated that humans have been infected with H. pylori for at least 88,000–116,000 years. Phylogenetic comparisons showed similar evolutionary histories for human and H. pylori lineages and suggest that this association stemmed from a single host jump. We showed that hpAfrica2, the most divergent H. pylori population, arose in the San and that their progenitors were the source of H. acinonychis which was acquired by large felines approximately 50,000 years ago. Furthermore, our data provided clear evidence for a recent second exodus Out of Africa in the last 52,000 years which was essential for the formation of the hybrid population that currently infects Europeans”…….. Length of association of H. pylori with humans “Our data shows that anatomically modern humans were infected by H. pylori long before their migrations out of Africa of ~60 kya [7], [42]. We estimate the minimum age of that association to be approximately 100 kyr (range 88–116). This is comparable to the age of the coalescence of the human Y-chromosome and about half of the coalescent for mtDNA. The age of a coalescent is a minimal date estimate because lineage sorting and bottlenecks lead to extinction of older lineages, resulting in a single genealogical source of all subsequent descendents. Indeed, the genealogies of H. pylori and mtDNA are very similar (Figure 6), and a Mantel regression indicated that the geographical distribution of the genetic diversity within both humans and H. pylori is also similar, both within Africa and outside. These results suggest that anatomically modern humans were infected by H. pylori since their origins. We therefore anticipated that we would isolate relatives of H. pylori from wild-born chimpanzees, our genetically closest relatives. However, we failed in this effort, and also failed to PCR amplify Helicobacter rRNA sequences”………. Summary “The results presented here provide a framework for the association of H. pylori with humans over the last 100,000 years, possibly after H. pylori was first acquitted by a host jump from an unknown source. This association began in Africa, where two discrete super-lineages differentiated. One of the super-lineages was predominantly associated until very recently with San (hpAfrica2) and large felines (Hac), whereas the second is widespread throughout Africa (hpAfrica1, hpNEAfrica) and accompanied anatomically modern humans during their first Out of Africa migration, which subsequently resulted in the Asian and Oceanic lineages hpAsia2 hpAsia and hpSahul. Subsequent migrations of ancestors of the African hpNEAfrica and/or the Asian hpAsia2 populations resulted in the admixed hpEurope population which then became the predominant population of extant H. pylori in Europe, the middle East and western Asia. We have provided date estimates for most of these historical events, thus providing a paradigm for the long-term historical reconstruction of the evolutionary path of a bacterial species”………. Science speaks for itself, no belief necessary.
Posted on: Tue, 27 Aug 2013 10:15:01 +0000
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