Ganges From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Ganga and Ganga River redirect here. For other uses, see Ganga (disambiguation). For other uses of Ganges, see Ganges (disambiguation). Coordinates: 22°05′N 90°50′EGanges River The Ganges in Varanasi Countries India, Bangladesh States Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal Tributaries - left Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandaki, Burhi Gandak, Koshi, Mahananda - right Yamuna, Tamsa, Son, Punpun Cities Haridwar, Kanpur, Jajmau, Allahabad, Varanasi, Mirzapur, Ghazipur, Patna, Rishikesh, Munger, Bhagalpur, Baharampur, Kolkata, Bijnor Source Gangotri Glacier, Satopanth Glacier, Khatling Glacier, and waters from melted snow from such peaks as Nanda Devi, Trisul, Kedarnath, Nanda Kot, and Kamet. - location Uttarakhand, India - elevation 3,892 m (12,769 ft) - coordinates 30°59′N 78°55′E Mouth Ganges Delta - location Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh & India - elevation 0 m (0 ft) - coordinates 22°05′N 90°50′E Length 2,525 km (1,569 mi) [1] Basin 1,080,000 km2 (416,990 sq mi) [2] Discharge for Farakka Barrage - average 12,500 m3/s (441,433 cu ft/s) [3] - max 70,000 m3/s (2,472,027 cu ft/s) - min 2,000 m3/s (70,629 cu ft/s) Discharge elsewhere (average) - Bay of Bengal 42,470 m3/s (1,499,814 cu ft/s) [3] Map of the combined drainage basins of the Ganges (orange), Brahmaputra (violet), and Meghna (green). The Ganges (/ˈɡændʒiːz/ GAN-jeez), also Ganga (Hindi: [ˈɡəŋɡaː]), is a trans-boundary river of India and Bangladesh. The 2,525 km (1,569 mi) river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India into Bangladesh, where it empties into the Bay of Bengal. It is the second largest river in the World by discharge.[4] The Ganges basin is the most heavily populated river basin in the world, with over 400 million people and a population density of about 1,000 inhabitants per square mile (390 /km2).[5] The Ganges is the most sacred river to Hindus[6] and is also a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and depend on it for their daily needs.[7] It is worshipped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism.[8] It has also been important historically: many former provincial or imperial capitals (such as Patliputra,[9] Kannauj,[9] Kara, Kashi, Allahabad, Murshidabad, Munger, Baharampur, Kampilya and Kolkata) have been located on its banks. The Ganges was ranked among the five most polluted rivers of the world in 2007,[10] with fecal coliform levels in the river near Varanasi more than one hundred times the official Indian government limits.[11] Pollution threatens not only humans, but also more than 140 fish species, 90 amphibian species and the endangered Ganges river dolphin.[10] The Ganga Action Plan, an environmental initiative to clean up the river, has been a major failure thus far,[12][13][14] due to corruption and lack of technical expertise,[15] lack of good environmental planning,[16] and lack of support from religious authorities.[17] Contents [hide] 1 Course 2 Geology 3 Hydrology 4 History 5 Religious and cultural significance 5.1 Embodiment of sacredness 5.2 Avatarana or Descent of the Ganges 5.3 Redemption of the Dead 5.4 The purifying Ganges 5.5 Consort, Shakti, and Mother 5.6 Ganges in classical Indian iconography 5.7 Kumbh Mela 6 Irrigation 6.1 Canals 6.2 Dams and barrages 7 Economy 8 Pollution 9 Ecology and environment 9.1 Ganges river dolphin 9.2 Water shortages 9.3 The effects of climate change on the river 10 Illegal mining and stone-crushing in the river bed 11 See also 12 Inline citations 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Course[edit] Bhagirathi River at Gangotri. Devprayag, confluence of Alaknanda (right) and Bhagirathi (left) rivers, beginning of the Ganges proper. The Himalayan headwaters of the Ganges river in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. The headstreams and rivers are labeled in italics; the heights of the mountains, lakes, and towns are displayed in parentheses in metres. The Ganges begins at the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers. The Bhagirathi is considered to be the true source in Hindu culture and mythology, although the Alaknanda is longer.[18][19] The headwaters of the Alakananda are formed by snowmelt from such peaks as Nanda Devi, Trisul, and Kamet. The Bhagirathi rises at the foot of Gangotri Glacier, at Gaumukh, at an elevation of 3,892 m (12,769 ft).[20] Although many small streams comprise the headwaters of the Ganges, the six longest and their five confluences are considered sacred. The six headstreams are the Alaknanda, Dhauliganga, Nandakini, Pindar, Mandakini, and Bhagirathi rivers. The five confluences, known as the Panch Prayag, are all along the Alaknanda. They are, in downstream order, Vishnuprayag, where the Dhauliganga joins the Alaknanda; Nandprayag, where the Nandakini joins; Karnaprayag, where the Pindar joins, Rudraprayag, where the Mandakini joins; and finally, Devprayag, where the Bhagirathi joins the Alaknanda to form the Ganges River proper.[18] After flowing 250 kilometres (160 mi)[20] through its narrow Himalayan valley, the Ganges emerges from the mountains at Rishikesh, then debouches onto the Gangetic Plain at the pilgrimage town of Haridwar.[18] At Haridwar, a dam diverts some of its waters into the Ganges Canal, which irrigates the Doab region of Uttar Pradesh, whereas the river, whose course has been roughly southwest until this point, now begins to flow southeast through the plains of northern India. The Ganges follows an 800-kilometre (500 mi) arching course passing through the cities of Kannauj, Farukhabad, and Kanpur. Along the way it is joined by the Ramganga, which contributes an average annual flow of about 500 m3/s (18,000 cu ft/s).[21] The Ganges joins the Yamuna at the Triveni Sangam at Allahabad, a holy confluence in Hinduism. At their confluence the Yamuna is larger than the Ganges, contributing about 2,950 m3/s (104,000 cu ft/s),[21] or about 58.5% of the combined flow.[22] Now flowing east, the river meets the Tamsa River (also called Tons), which flows north from the Kaimur Range and contributes an average flow of about 190 m3/s (6,700 cu ft/s). After the Tamsa the Gomti River joins, flowing south from the Himalayas. The Gomti contributes an average annual flow of about 234 m3/s (8,300 cu ft/s). Then the Ghaghara River(Karnali River), also flowing south from the Himalayas of Nepal, joins. The Ghaghara(Karnali), with its average annual flow of about 2,990 m3/s (106,000 cu ft/s), is the largest tributary of the Ganges. After the Ghaghara(Karnali) confluence the Ganges is joined from the south by the Son River, contributing about 1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s). The Gandaki River, then the Kosi River, join from the north flowing from Nepal, contributing about 1,654 m3/s (58,400 cu ft/s) and 2,166 m3/s (76,500 cu ft/s), respectively. The Kosi is the third largest tributary of the Ganges, after the Ghaghara(Karnali) and Yamuna.[21] Along the way between Allahabad and Malda, West Bengal, the Ganges passes the towns of Chunar, Mirzapur, Varanasi, Ghazipur, Patna, Bhagalpur, Ballia, Buxar, Simaria, Sultanganj, and Saidpur. At Bhagalpur, the river begins to flow south-southeast and at Pakur, it begins its attrition with the branching away of its first distributary, the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly, which goes on to become the Hooghly River. Just before the border with Bangladesh the Farakka Barrage controls the flow of the Ganges, diverting some of the water into a feeder canal linked to the Hooghly for the purpose of keeping it relatively silt-free. The Hooghly River is formed by the confluence of the Bhagirathi River and Jalangi River at Nabadwip, and Hooghly has a number of tributaries of its own. The largest is the Damodar River, which is 541 km (336 mi) long, with a drainage basin of 25,820 km2 (9,970 sq mi).[23] The Hooghly River empties into the Bay of Bengal near Sagar Island.[24] Between Malda and the Bay of Bengal, the Hooghly river passes the towns and cities of Murshidabad, Nabadwip, Kolkata and Howrah. After entering Bangladesh, the main branch of the Ganges is known as the Padma. The Padma is joined by the Jamuna River, the largest distributary of the Brahmaputra. Further downstream, the Padma joins the Meghna River, the second largest distributary of the Brahmaputra, and takes on the Meghnas name as it enters the Meghna Estuary, which empties into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganges Delta, formed mainly by the large, sediment-laden flows of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, is the worlds largest delta, at about 59,000 km2 (23,000 sq mi).[3] It stretches 322 km (200 mi) along the Bay of Bengal.[5] Only the Amazon and Congo rivers have a greater average discharge than the combined flow of the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, and the Surma-Meghna river system.[5] In full flood only the Amazon is larger.[25] Geology[edit] The Indian subcontinent lies atop the Indian tectonic plate, a min
Posted on: Fri, 08 Nov 2013 15:15:13 +0000
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