Glossary of Islam From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Part of a series on Islam Allāh written in Arabic calligraphy by the 17th-century Ottoman artist Hâfiz Osman (green version) Beliefs[show] Practices[show] Texts Laws [show] History Leaders [show] Denominations[show] Culture Society [show] Related topics[hide] Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Portal icon Islam portal v t e The following list consists of notable concepts that are derived from both Islamic and Arab tradition, which are expressed as words in the Arabic language. The main purpose of this list is to disambiguate multiple spellings, to make note of spellings no longer in use for these concepts, to define the concept in one or two lines, to make it easy for one to find and pin down specific concepts, and to provide a guide to unique concepts of Islam all in one place. Separating concepts in Islam from concepts specific to Arab culture, or from the language itself, can be difficult. Many Arabic concepts have an Arabic secular meaning as well as an Islamic meaning. One example is the concept of dawah. Arabic, like all languages, contains words whose meanings differ across various contexts. The word Islam is itself a good example. Arabic is written in its own alphabet, with letters, symbols, and orthographic conventions that do not have exact equivalents in the Latin alphabet (see Arabic alphabet). The following list contains transliterations of Arabic terms and phrases; variations exist, e.g. din instead of deen and aqidah instead of aqeedah. Most items in the list also contain their actual Arabic spelling. Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A ʿAbd (عبد) (for male) ʾAmah (أمة) (for female) servant, worshipper, slave. Muslims consider themselves servants and slaves of God. Common Muslim names such as Abdullah (Servant of God), Abdul-Malik (Slave of the King), Abdur-Rahmān (Slave of the most Beneficent), Abdus-Salām (Slave of Peace), all refer to names of Allah. ʾAdab (أدب) Traditionally describes good manners, as in etiquette. For example, being courteous is good ʾadab. However, the term can be used very broadly, and the proper translation would be the proper way to go about something, as in the example, ʾĀdāb al Qitāl, or, The Proper Ways of Fighting in War, (Qitāl in Arabic means mortal combat) in which the word etiquette does not befit the context. A secondary meaning of ʾAdab is literature. ʾAdhān (أذان) call to salat (prayer), sometimes alternatively spelled and pronounced Azan, Athan and Adhan. ʿAdl (عدل) justice, especially distributive justice: social, economic, political, environmental. AH (هجرية) Anno Hegirae The Islamic calendar starts counting years starting from the time when Muhammad had to leave Mecca and go to Medina, an event known as the Hijra. The first day of the first Islamic year is 1 Muḥarram 1 (AH) and corresponds to 16 July 622 (CE). ʾAḥad (أحد) literally one. Islamically, ahad means One Alone, unique, none like God. Al-Wahid is one of the names of God. ʾAḥkām (أحكام) rulings and orders of the Quran and Sunnah. Five kinds of orders: Wajib, Mustahab, Muharram, Makruh, and Halal. Singular Ḥukm. ʾAhl al-Bayt (أهل البيت ) members of Muhammads Household. Also known among Shia as the Maʿṣūmūn (معصومون) (infallibles; spiritually pure). ʾAhl al-Fatrah ( أهل الفترة) people who live in ignorance of the teachings of a revealed religion, but according to the Fitra, the Natural Religion innate to human nature as created by God. ʾAhl al-Kitāb (أهل الكتاب ) People of the Book, or followers of pre-Islamic monotheistic religions with some form of scripture believed to be of divine origin which were mentioned in Quran: Jews, Christians. ʾĀkhirah (الآخرة) hereafter or eternal life ʾAkhlāq (أخلاق) The practice of virtue. Morals. Al-ʾIkhlāṣ (الإخلاص)- Sincerity Genuineness in religious beliefs. Al-Birr (ّالبر) Piety and righteousness and every act of obedience to Allah. ʿĀlamīn (عالمين) Literally worlds, humankind, jinn, angels and all that exists ʿalayhi -s-salām (عليه السلام) Peace be upon him This expression normally follows after naming a prophet (other than Muhammad), or one of the noble Angels (i.e. Jibreel[Gabriel], Mikaeel[Michael], etc.) al-ḥamdu li-llāh (الحمد لله) Praise be to God! Quranic exclamation and also same meaning as hallelujah. Allāh (الله) The Arabic name of God. Allāhumma (اللَّهُمَّ) O God. Allāhu ʾAkbar (الله أكبر) Allah is the Greatest. Islamic expression. ʿĀlim (عالِم) One who knows. A scholar (in any field of knowledge); a scientist (who knows science) or a theologian (who knows religion); similar to Japanese sensei, teacher. ʾAmānah (أمانة) the trust. Of all creation, only human beings & jinns carry the trust, which is free will. ʾĀmīn (آمين) Amen. ʾAmīr ul-Muʾminīn (أمير المؤمنين) In some countries like Morocco, a ʾAmīr ul-Muʾminīn or Commander of the faithful is the religious chief. ʾĀminah (آمنة) Muhammads mother. Aminah fell sick and died in Abwa, near Madina (then Yathrib) when Muhammad was six years old. Al-ʾAmr Bil Maʿrūf (الأمر بالمعروف) Islamic doctrine of enjoining right. There exists in Islam the (obligatory) principle of encouraging other people to do the right thing. ʾAnfāl (أنفال) Spoils of war. (See Sūrat al-ʾAnfāl (8:1)) (سورة الأنفال)[1] ʾAnṣār (أنصار) Helpers. The Muslim converts at Medina who helped the Muslims from Mecca after the Hijrah. ʿAqīdah (عقيدة) Article of faith, tenet, creed, or dogma. ʿAqīqah (عقيقة) Islamic practice of shaving the head of the newborn male and contributing the weight in silver for charity as well as 2 lambs. One lamb is slaughtered for a baby girl. ʿAql (عقل) Intelligence, intellect, mind, understanding ʾArkān singular rukn (ركن/أركان) The five rukn pillars of Islam. (See rukn) A.S. (ʿAlayhi s-salām) (عليه السلام) This acronym evokes a blessing and is appended to the names of the prophets who came before Muhammad. It will also be applied to the mothers of those prophets. When following a womans name, the feminine form is ʿAlayha s-salām. ʾAṣl ( أصل ) (pl. ʾuṣūl) Root, origin, source; principle. ʾaslim taslam (أسلِم تسلَم) Submit to Islam (See dawah) ʾAsmāʾ Allāh al-Ḥusnā (أسماء الله الحسنى) List of Gods 99 names. According to a hadith, the one who enumerates them all will enter Paradise. ʿAṣr (العصر) The third salat prayer. The time of the day before sunset and after noon. also means era. Aṣ-Ṣirāṭ (الصراط) The bridge by crossing which it is determined (judged) whether a person would go to heaven or hell. How a person crosses the Sirat depends on what they have done in their life and what they have believed in. al-ʿAsharatu Mubashsharun bil-Jannah or just ʿAsharatu Mubashsharah (Arabic العشرة المبشّرون بالجنة or عشرة المبشّر, translit.: ʿAsharatu l-mubashshirūn or ʿAsharatul-mubashshirūna bil Jannah): The ten companions of Muhammad who were promised paradise (only in Sunni Islam) ʿĀshūrāʾ (عاشوراء) Tenth day of the month of Muharram. It is the day God saved Moses and the children of Israel from the Pharaoh. The grandson of the prophet Muhammad, Imam Hussayn sacrificed his life along with 72 of his companions on the sand dunes of Karbala. Sunni Scholars recommended to fast during this day. To the Shias, it is also a day on which they mourn the death of the third Shia Imam, Husayn ibn Ali, along with his family and companions, who were killed in the famous battle in Karbala. They cry and weep and organize lamentating programmes where they not only learn how to live a proper Islamic life and improve their Spiritual Self but also cry at the end of the ritual to show their true love and faith towards imam Hussayn. As-Salāmu ʿAlaykum (السلام عليكم) The Islamic greeting; literally Peace be upon you; In addition, wa-Raḥmatullāhi wa-Barakātuhu (ورحمة الله وبركاته) means and the Mercy of God and His blessing. The response to this greeting is wa-ʿAlaykum as-Salām wa-Raḥmatullāhi wa-Barakātuhu (وعليكم السلام ورحمة الله وبركاته) --And on you be the Peace and Mercy of God and His Blessing. ʾAstaghfir allāh (أستغفر الله) I seek forgiveness from God. Islamic expression. Aʿudhu billah (أعوذ بالله ʾAʿūdhu billāh) I seek refuge in God. This is a paraphrase on the beginnings of the two last suras in the Quran. ʾAwliyāʾ (أولياء) Friends, protectors, helpers, caretaker, maintainer. (singular: wali) ʿAwrah (عورة) The parts of the body, male or female, must be covered in public but not between spouses, such as, body parts must be concealed of a woman before non-related men.(non-related men means she can marry those men lawfully). ʾĀyah (آية), plural ʾāyāt (آيات) A sign. More specifically, a verse in the Quran. Āyatullāh (آية الله, also spelled Ayatollah) Sign of God Title given to highly ranked religious scholars in Shia sect. B Baiʿa (بيعة) See Bayah Baatil (باطل) see Bāṭil Baitullāh (بيت الله baytu -llāh) A mosque, literally house of God. Specifically means the Kaaba at Makkah (Mecca). Barakah (بركة) a form of blessing. Bārak Allāhu Fīkum (بارك الله فيكم) may Allah bless you; response to expression of thanks. Barzakh (برزخ) Barrier. Used in the Quran to describe the barrier between sweet and salty water. In theology, the one-way barrier between the mortal realm and the spirit world which the deceased soul crosses and waits for qiyamah judgment. Bashar (بشر) humankind, mankind, man, human(s), etc. Baṣīrah (بصيرة) Insight, discernment, perceptivity, deep knowledge. Sometimes used by Sufis to denote the ability to directly perceive a transcendental Truth. Bāṭil (باطل) void Bāṯin (باطن) The interior or hidden meaning. A person who devotes himself to studying such hidden meanings is a batini. B.B.H.N. (عليه الصلاة والسلام) Blessed be His Name – acronym for S.A.W.S. See P.B.U.H (Peace Be Upon Him). Bidʿah (بدعة) Innovation in religion, i.e. inventing new methods of worship. Bad Bidʿahs in Islam are considered a deviation and a serious sin by many Muslims. Bidʿah sayyiʾah (بدعة سيئة) Inquiry prohibited in Islam. Bismi-llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmi (بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم) In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.[2] Burda (بردة) In general terms, it means a cloak or outer garment. Specific reference is to the burda of the Prophet Muḥammad (see Qaṣīda al-Burda). Bayʿah (بيعة) an oath of allegiance to a leader, traditionally the Caliph or Imam. C Caliph khalīfah literally successor; refers to the successor of the Prophet Muhammad, the ruler of an Islamic theocracy. D Dahri (دهري) atheist – from the root ad dahr meaning time. In Islam, atheists are seen as those who think that time only destroys, hence the term ad dahriyyah for the concept of atheism. Dajjāl (دجّال) an Islamic figure similar to the Antichrist; means liar or deceiver. Ḍallāl (ضلال) going astray. Dār al-ʿAhd (دار العهد) the Ottoman Empires relationship with its Christian tributary states. Dār al-ʾAmn (دار الأمن) means house of safety; refers to status of a Muslim living in some of the Western world. Dār ad-daʿwa (دار الدعوة) a region where Islam has recently been introduced. Dār al-ḥarb (دار الحرب) means house of war; refers to areas outside Muslim rule at war with Muslim states. Dār al-Islām (دار الإسلام) the abode, or land, of Islam. Dār al-Kufr (دار الكفر) means domain of disbelief; the term originally refers to the Quraish-dominated society of Mecca between Prophet Mohammeds (s.a.w.s.) flight to Medina (the Hijra) and the citys conquest. Dār aṣ-Ṣulḥ ( دارالصلح ) domain of agreement Dār ash-shahāda (دار الشهادة) See Dar al-Amn Darūd (الدرود، الصلاة على النبي) blessing Daʿwah (الدعوة) the call to Islam, proselytizing. Darwīš (درويش) an initiate of the Sufi Path, one who practices Sufism Dhikr (ذكر) A devotional practice whereby the name of God is repeated in a rhythmical manner. Remembrance of God; spiritual exercise; Muslims believe that the primary function of prophets is to remind people of God. Dhimmi (ذمّي) (pl. dhimam) Subjugated person; Jews and Christians (and sometimes others,[3] such as Buddhists, Sikhs, Hindus, and Zoroastrians), living in an Islamic state who must pay special taxes and whose right to practice their religion is subject to strict control under Islamic law. Dhuhr (ظهر) (ẓuhr) the second obligatory daily prayer. Dīn (الدين) (literally religion) the way of life based on Islamic revelation; the sum total of a Muslims faith and practice. Dīn is often used to mean the faith and religion of Islam. Diyyah (دية) blood money, recompense for loss of a life. Duʿāʾ (دعاء) personal prayer, supplication Dunya (دنيا) The physical Universe, as opposed to the Hereafter; sometimes spelled Dunia. E Eid al-Fitr (عيد الفطر) Marks the end of Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of fasting (sawm).
Posted on: Fri, 07 Mar 2014 21:45:25 +0000
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