Hindu philosophy is traditionally divided into six āstika (Sanskrit: आस्तिक orthodox) schools of thought, or darśanam (दर्शनम्, view), which accept the Vedas as supreme revealed scriptures.[citation needed] Four other nāstika (नास्तिक heterodox) schools dont draw upon the Vedas as the sole primary authoritative text[citation needed], but may emphasise other traditions of thought. The āstika schools are: Samkhya, an atheistic and strongly dualist theoretical exposition of consciousness and matter. Yoga, a school emphasising meditation, contemplation and liberation. Nyaya or logic, explores sources of knowledge. Nyāya Sūtras. Vaisheshika, an empiricist school of atomism Mimāṃsā, an anti-ascetic and anti-mysticist school of orthopraxy Vedanta, the last segment of knowledge in the Vedas, or the Jnan (knowledge) Kanda (section). Vedanta came to be the dominant current of Hinduism in the post-medieval period. The nāstika schools are (in chronological order): Cārvāka Ājīvika Jainism Buddhism However, medieval philosophers like Vidyāraṇya classify Indian philosophy into sixteen schools, where schools belonging to Saiva, Pāṇini and Raseśvara thought are included with others, and the three Vedantic schools Advaita, Vishishtadvaita and Dvaita (which had emerged as distinct schools by then) are classified separately. In Hindu history, the distinction of the six orthodox schools was current in the Gupta period golden age of Hinduism. With the disappearance of Vaisheshika and Mimamsa, it was obsolete by the later Middle Ages, when the various sub-schools of Vedanta (Dvaita dualism, Advaita Vedanta non-dualism and others) began to rise to prominence as the main divisions of religious philosophy. Nyaya survived into the 17th century as Navya Nyaya Neo-Nyaya, while Samkhya gradually lost its status as an independent school, its tenets absorbed into Yoga and Vedanta. The Sikhism was also evolved from Hinduism because both were founded on the Indian Subcontinent and the creators of Sikhism were born into Hindu families and Hindu castes (mostly khatris, i.e., Kshatriya) of the Punjab region of India. Thus Sikhism took birth and evolved in the Hindu cultural and political matrix, Just like Jainism and Buddhism before it.
Posted on: Sun, 21 Sep 2014 15:01:22 +0000