History of Tamil people... PART:01 Until the recently emerging evidences,It is believed that the history of the Tamils is begin in the pre-historic or more acceptably in the proto-historic period of about1000- 500 BC. Tamil / Dravidian culture associated with the megalithic sites in places such as Adichanallur (more correctly Adityanallur) in the Tinnevely District of Tamilnadu and across the Palk Straits in Pomparippu on the west coast and in Kathiraveli on the east coast of the Ilankai/ Sri Lanka are regarded by historians / archaeologists as belonging to the Dravidian peoples of whom the Tamils at that time were their first and foremost representatives.Also excavated ceramic sequences similar to that of Arikamedu,Puducherry were found in Kadiramalai(Kandarodai) in the Chunnakam, Jaffna District,Sri Lanka on the north coast, dated to 2000 BC.These Archaeological evidence points to these area being one of the longest continuous habitations in India & srilanka. [The picture shows the urn with the rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi script, and a human skeleton and miniature pots at the Iron Age urn burial site at Adichanallur in Tamil Nadu. The inset with the arrow mark depicts how the script has been written inside the urn.] In Adichanallur,24 km (15 mi) from Tirunelveli, archaeologists from the Archaeological Survey of India unearthed 169 clay urns containing human skulls,skeletons and bones,plus husks and grains of rice,charred rice and Neolithic celts, giving evidence confirming them to be of the Neolithic period.The archaeologists,studying the inscriptions on stones and artefacts, reported recently on that basis that Tamil civilisation existed atleast more than 4,000 years ago. Hence the above historical evidence shows that the Tamil Dravidians were living atleast for about 4000 years in Tamil nadu & Srilanka. But this is not correct.Tamils were living more than this period. So we should find out where these people lived before this time... Although in modern times speakers of the various Dravidian languages have mainly occupied the southern portion of India and north & east of Srilanka, nothing definite is known about the ancient domain of the Dravidian parent speech. It is, however, a well-established and well-supported hypothesis that Dravidian speakers must have been widespread throughout India, including the northwest region.Some linguists hypothesized that Dravidian-speaking people were spread throughout the Indian subcontinent before a series of Indo-Aryan migrations. The most populous Dravidian languages are Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam.There are also small groups of Dravidian-speaking scheduled tribes,who live beyond the mainstream communities.Today, the Dravidian language family have about 85 languages including Tuluvas , Gonds and Brahui , Regarding the Origins of Modern Humans,Current data suggest few models. ‘Out of Africa’ model is currently the most widely favoured explanation accounting for the origins of modern humans. It suggests that modern humans originated in Africa and had spread to the Middle East by 100,000 years ago. Modern humans only became well established elsewhere in the last 50,000 years.The different physical features now found in modern humans from different geographical areas around the world are believed to have evolved over only the last 60,000 years or so as a result of adaptations to different environments. The ‘Multi regional’ model suggests that when human ancestors first left Africa nearly two million years ago, they spread out and formed regional groups of early humans across Africa, Asia and Europe.Modern humans then evolved concurrently in all these regions rather than from a single group of humans in Africa. Similarly,many competing hypotheses/evidences attempting to explain when & where early Tamil Dravidians, originated & migrated elsewhere are recently suggested by various scholars.In this regard we can choose only one model similar to ‘Out of Africa’ model as identical/same language & related culture can not be developed in two different isolated places/lands.Hence either the Tamil language & related culture would have been originated in tamil nadu itself/any land mass contains Tamil nadu & srilanka or any other land other than Tamil nadu & srilanka & migrated to Tamil nadu & srilanka 4000-5000 years before. In relation to above suggestion we can consider many possibilities such as:[1] lost Tamil continent of Kumari Kandam,[2]Sumeria [Ancient Mesopotamia],corresponding to modern-day Iraq ,[3]Mohenjodaro & Harappan civilization in the Indus Valley or [4] Africa itself. Although in modern times speakers of the various Dravidian languages have mainly occupied the southern portion of India, nothing definite is known about the ancient domain of the Dravidian parent speech. In this context, researchers have proposed various kinds of comments. Some say they came from outside India ,may be through mediterranean region. Some say from kumari kandam,known as continent of Lemuria. It is, however, a well-established and well-supported hypothesis that Dravidian speakers must have been widespread throughout India, including the northwest region.It is believed that between 1 lakh 35 thousand and 75 thousand years ago,There were Great Famine in East Africa,due to dry up of Lake Malawi.There by, almost 95 per cent of the africans migrate to different countries through Andaman, Nicobar and southern India... Before the appearance of sand and stone,Tamil appeared[born] with the sword is a popular say among the Tamils.It is not an empty words.Now the meaning of this popular say is found in the name of Virumandiin Jothimanickam village outside Madurai.Today,Indias East Coast, especially along Tamil Nadu, is increasingly drawing the attention across the world for its evolutionary and historical secrets.The focus has sharpened after genetic scientist Spencer Wells found M130 marker in some communities of Tamil Nadu that were present in the early man of Africa.It is proofed that the marker M130 is a gene found only among the descendants of the African migrants who had spread across the world tens of thousands of years ago.They settled on Indias East Coast 50,000 to 35,000 years ago and developed into modern man..Virumandi Andithevar, one of the 700-odd inhabitants of Jothimanickam village, has been identified as one of the direct descendants of the first ever settlers in India, who had migrated from the African coast some 60,000- 70,000 years ago This proof above popular say! See how Tamils lived in Tamil nadu 2700-2000 years before by below Sangam poem,Purananuru 51 & it proof further that Tamils are said to be the first civilized people in India. When water overflows, there is no dam to contain it! When fire exceeds, there is no shadow that can shade the living! When there is too much wind, no strength can resist it! Valuthi, radiant and fierce in battle is like all these. He will not tolerate if they say that cool Tamil Nadu is common, and dissents in battle. If he requests tributes, kings who say, “take it” and give willingly, do not tremble. But the pitiful that ought to be pitied, are those who lost his grace. Like the termites from red mounds built with difficulty by tiny termites, they whirl around just for a day. In a 2009 study of 132 individuals, 560,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 25 different Indian groups were analysed, providing strong evidence in support of the notion that modern Indians (both Indo-Aryan and Dravidian groups) are a hybrid population descending from two post-Neolithic, genetically divergent populations referred to as the Ancestral North Indians and the Ancestral South Indians. Ancestral North Indians are between 40 and 80 percent of genetically simillar to other races such as West Asian and European,where as Ancestral South Indians are not related to any races genetically.Thus It is crystal clear that Dravidians are the direct descendants of the first ever settlers in India... It is thought, the first modern man to leave the continent set off around 60,000 years ago.By studying the Y (or male) chromosome and mitochondrial DNA (which is passed down exclusively on the maternal line), scientists have pieced together a broad-brush picture of which populations moved where in the world - and when.You would have heard some one tell to some one thatWell, look at you! How youve grown. And youve got such beautiful black, curly hair! It runs in the family, you know. You look just like my grandmother! You would have wondered How they know?Here,Genes play an important role in determining physical traits — how we look — and lots of other stuff about us. They carry information that helps make you who you are: curly or straight hair, long or short legs, even how you might smile or laugh, are all passed through generations of your family in genes. Ottakkoothar was the court poet (avaippulavar) during the reigns of the three Chola kings namely Vikrama Chola, Kulotunga II and Rajaraja II,between 1118 and 1173 A.D.One day,Ottakoothar on behave of king Kulothunga,went to pandyan kingdom for request his daughter for marriage.But Pandyan king rejected his request.Hence Ottakoothar sang the below poems,mentioning inferior physical traits of pandyan king compared to the superior physical traits chola king. can Moon dynasty be a sun dynasty? The pandyan,whose descendants were fishermen,can not be valiant warriors? Can fish be a roaring tiger? Now you may understand what Poet Ottakkoothar mentioned to Pandyan king. genographic project is a study that aims to map historical human migration patterns by collecting and analyzing DNA samples from hundreds of thousands of people from around the world.Within each of us, DNA carries a record of our descent from the earliest humans on earth in Africa some 60,000 years ago. Because small variations are passed on to all succeeding generations, a history of human migration from our common origins could be reconstructed from these “markers of descent” found in the DNA of living people Humans first appeared in east Africa millions of years ago, and from there spread throughout the world.As humans migrated out of Africa, they all carried a genetic feature on the Y chromosome.Human beings carrying the M130 genetic marker[the most ancient, non-African, Y-chromosome marker] are the first inhabitants of India,along the greater South Asian coastal region. They walked along the coast of Africa and on to India, Malaysia and Indonesia and finally ended up in Australia almost 60,000 years ago.This first wave appears to have left dark-skinned people along its path,Again 30,000 years back the M-20 people[Dravidians] migrated from Turan Basin [M9] into Indian Sub Continent.... Human/Genetic migration routes ] **M168 African clan [M168:first common marker of all non-African men] 50,000 years ago Homo sapiens migrating out of Africa, because of prolonged drought condition. **M130(M168-M130) Coastal marker 50,000 years ago Entry into Arabia, coastal people migrating along the coast lines, rapidly moved and reached Australia, and the present day Australian aborigines attest to that fact. The Andaman tribes are remnants of this movement. Today this marker consists of only 5% of the population in India, restricted to coastal areas of south India. M89 Mesopotamian marker 45,000 years ago **M89 people enjoyed settled life at Mesopotamia, in the land of two rivers, with enough water and wild cattle to feed on, hunter gatherer stage. **M9 Turan Basin Clan 40,000 years ago **M9 people came out of Mesopotamian population and moved into Turan basin area around this time.. **M20 (M168-M9-M20) Early pastoral Dravidian clan 30,000 years ago Dravidians enter into India. Early Dravidians were hunters and cattle rearing people. 50% of the South Indians have this Mutation[ A change of the DNA sequence within a gene or chromosome of an organism resulting in the creation of a new character or trait not found in the parental type.]. This mutation arose out of M9 population (Turan Basin clan). This marker is found in large numbers among South Indians who speak the Dravidian languages (Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada). **M17 (M168-M9-M173-M17) Indo Europeans 10,000 years ago Arising of Indo European people in Southern Russia and Ukraine, (most probably) learnt agriculture from Anatolians through cultural diffusion, not through conquest.These people domesticated horse. These people are the “heroes” of Aryan theory. Genetic Marker M130 (M168-M130): Human beings carrying the M130 genetic marker are the first inhabitants of India. They walked along the coast of Africa and on to India,The descendants of the first Indians still live in the Andaman islands and places like Tamil Nadu. People with the M20 marker and the Dravidian languages are also still India.(they arrived about 30,000 years ago) and finally the Indo-European speakers (started with Sanskrit a language that has origins in places like Ukraine) and their M17 markers are also present (they arrived only less than 4000 years ago). In the Journey of Man aired by the National Geographic channel, Wells says the first wave of migration of early man from Africa took place 60,000 years ago along the continents east coast,especially along Tamil Nadu, to India. Genetic mapping of local populations provided the evidence. Pitchappan, who heads the immunology department at Madurai Kamaraj University, has found that the gene markers M130 seen in man 50,000 years ago and M20 seen in man of 30,000 years ago are present in the Kallars and several other local people of Tamil Nadu.It can be safely assume that when Kumari continent sank into the sea,the human race, existed on kumari kandam with M130 marker may migrated to Africa, Australia, south India.... It is not only the study of Spencer Wells and Pitchappan that has focused scholars attention on India. A British marine archaeologist, Graham Hancock, has been examining a submerged city on the East Coast.Hancock says a civilisation thriving there may predate the Sumerian civilisation of Mesopotamia in present-day Iraq and definitely existed before the Harappan civilisation in India and Pakistan. Hancock has been excavating the site off the coast of Poompuhar, near Nagapattinam, 400 km south of Chennai.He said tidal waves of 400 feet or more could have swallowed this flourishing port city any time between 17,000 and 7,000 years ago, the date of the last Ice Age. Poompuhar in ancient times was the port capital of the Cholas, and indeed puhar means estuary or river mouth of the sea. It was also referenced quite heavily in the literature of the time. Details of the town have been found as far back as the Brahmi-inscription, written in north India in the second century B.C.Hancocks theory is strengthened by findings of Indias National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), which has explored the site since the 1980s. Man-made structures like horseshoe-shaped building sites-at least 11,500 years old- are some of the lost citys secrets.At low tide, some brick structures from the Sangam era are still visible in places like Vanagiri. The region, archaeologists say, has been built over and over again through the ages and some of its past is now being revealed,Like the cities in the Gulf of Cambay[காம்பே வளைகுடா].Onshore exploration also noticed near vanagiri,Tranguebar & Poompuhar,few terracotta ring-wells. The Sangam literature threw light on the funeral practices such as burial of urns containing bones of the dead, cremation, simple burial etc.during the sangam period,2700-2000 years before.The below are the words of a widow who brings her husband’s body, and urges the potter to make a burial urn large enough to hold the widow as well. Hear me, potter:Like a little lizard that travels with a cart,perching on the wheel, I had travelled all the way with him crossing many a wilderness.Have pity on me, and make his funeral urn large enough for me, too, Maker of the urns for the old town’s burning ground (Purananuru 256 ) Kumari Kandam is the name of an alleged sunken landmass referred to in medieval Tamil literature. It is said to have been located in the Indian Ocean, to the south of present-day Kanyakumari district at the southern tip of India.Even They had a word for such happenings. They called it kadatkol - meaning the sea devouring the land. A team of marine diver archaeologists from India’s National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) in March 1991,identified a man-made U shaped[“ a horse shoe shaped structure”] structures twenty-three metres beneath the sea, five kilometres off the Tarangambadi- Poompuhar coast near Nagapattinam in South India. It was estimated by them that the object would have been submerged in 9000 BC,that is roughly about 11000 years before the present time,ie at the end of the Ice Age & confirmed by Glenn Milnes sea-level data. Is it a coincidence that there are ancient Tamil flood myths that speak of a great kingdom that once existed in this area called Kumari Kandam that was swallowed up by the sea? Amazingly the myths put a date of 11,600 years ago on these events -- the same time frame given by Plato for the end of Atlantis in another ocean. However the NIO have not yet been successful in recovering any datable materials or artefacts that could tell us its age more directly (for example by C-14 or TL tests).It was generally believed that well organized civilizations could not have existed prior to 6000-5500 before the present time. Many were reluctant to accept that the flood myths mentioned in many ancient religious writings.This discovery shocked many and made some to sit up and watch with interest. It clearly established the existence of an ancient civilization that was submerged in the sea.The oldest civilization of city states is thought to be in Mesapatomia datable to 6000-5500 years before the present time.Thus this object is about 5000-5500 years older than the Mesopotomian architecture.This unfolding archaeological and geological evidence is proving to be the historical validation that Tamil civilisation which reached a high-point during the first Tamil Sangam,11,000 years ago or circa 9,000 BC.At that period of time, Ilankai/ Sri Lanka was part and parcel of South India.Some researchers have concluded that it was during the period 6000 B.C. to 3000 B.C. that the island separated from the Indian sub continent and the narrow strip of shallow water known today as the Palk Straits came into existence. Puhar (பூம்புகார்/ Poompuhar) was once a flourishing ancient port city known as Kaveri puhum pattinam, which for a while served as the capital of the early Chola kings in Tamilakkam.I believe that further exploration, involving divers, sonar scans and the recovery and analysis of artefacts will provide the correct answers... WILL FOLLOW.. PART-2 யாழறிவன்...Yalarivan Jackson Jackie
Posted on: Sun, 12 Oct 2014 03:45:33 +0000