I got 71-18: 71. 1853 US steam ships came into Tokyo Bay and demanded trade & diplomatic relations with japan. Later Europeans joined in; the Tokagawa shogun was intimidated & the government was made into signing the unequal treaties. This overall brought back the emperor & removing the Tokagawa shogun (& the Bakufu) out of power. The overall change the emperor caused was transforming Japan’s society to achieve political & economic equality with foreign powers. The changes initiated during the Mejij period turned japan into the political, military & economic powerhouse of East Asia. 72. United States: Open Door policy: policy supported by the United States beginning in 1899 that stated that all major powers, including the United States, should have an equal right to trade in China. Social Darwinism: philosophy that emerged from the writings of Charles Darwin on the survival of the fittest; this was used to justify the vast differences between the rich and the poor in the late nineteenth century as well as American and European imperialistic ventures. The Monroe Doctrine: president James Monroe document proclaimed that Europeans cant imperialize near America. Spanish-American War: war that began in 1898 against the Spanish over treatment of Cubans by Spanish troops that controlled the island. As a result of this war, the United States annexed the Philippines, making America a major power in the Pacific. Yellow journalism: a method of journalism that utilizes sensationalized accounts of the news to sell newspapers; this approach helped to whip up nationalistic impulses that led to the Spanish-American War. USS Maine: U.S. naval ship that sank in Havana harbor in February 1898 following an explosion; the incident was used to increase calls for war against Spain. It was never definitively determined why or how the ship was sunk. Panama Canal: canal across the Panama isthmus that was begun in 1904 and completed in 1914; its opening enabled America to expand its economic and military influence. Roosevelt Corollary (1904): policy that warned Europeans against intervening in the affairs of Latin America and that claimed the right of the United States to intervene in the affairs of Latin American nations if chronic wrongdoing was taking place. Dollar Diplomacy: foreign policy supported by President William Howard Taft and others that favored increased American investment in the world as a way of increasing American influence. 1867: Bought Alaska from Russia. 1875: claimed a protectorate over the islands of Hawai’i (high US enterprise for sugar) later over throw the last monarch for Hawaiian kingdom. 73. Russia: Russo- Japanese War: (1904–05), military conflict in which a victorious Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East, becoming the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power. The Russo-Japanese War developed out of the rivalry between Russia and Japan for dominance in Korea and Manchuria. In 1898 Russia had pressured China into granting it a lease for the strategically important port of Port Arthur (now Lü-shun), at the tip of the Liaotung Peninsula, in southern Manchuria. Russia thereby entered into occupation of the peninsula, even though, in concert with other European powers, it had forced Japan to relinquish just such a right after the latter’s decisive victory over China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95. Moreover, in 1896 Russia had concluded an alliance with China against Japan and, in the process, had won rights to extend the Trans-Siberian Railroad across Chinese-held Manchuria to the Russian seaport of Vladivostok, thus gaining control of an important strip of Manchurian territory. However, though Russia had built the Trans-Siberian Railroad (1891–1904), it still lacked the transportation facilities necessary to reinforce its limited armed forces in Manchuria with sufficient men and supplies. One point Russia tried to get Ottoman Empire; but Europe wouldn’t allow. 74. Qing China: Sino-Japanese War , (1894–95), conflict between Japan and China that marked the emergence of Japan as a major world power and demonstrated the weakness of the Chinese empire. The war grew out of conflict between the two countries for supremacy in Korea. Korea had long been China’s most important client state, but its strategic location opposite the Japanese islands and its natural resources of coal and iron attracted Japan’s interest. In 1875 Japan, which had begun to adopt Western technology, forced Korea to open itself to foreign, especially Japanese, trade and to declare itself independent from China in its foreign relations. Japan soon became identified with the more radical modernizing forces within the Korean government, while China continued to sponsor the conservative officials gathered around the royal family. In 1884 a group of pro-Japanese reformers attempted to overthrow the Korean government, but Chinese troops under Gen. Yuan Shikai rescued the King, killing several Japanese legation guards in the process. War was avoided between Japan and China by the signing of the Li-Itō Convention, in which both nations agreed to withdraw troops from Korea. In 1894, however, Japan, flushed with national pride in the wake of its successful modernization program. Qing China was weakening by the stress of the unequal treaties & lack of industrializations lead to japan having an upper hand. 75. The other independent state would be Bulgaria. The Ottoman Empire controlled territory that is now Macedonia and Albania. Bordering the Black Sea was Russia, Bulgaria, Roumania and the Ottoman Empire. 76. Persian Empire was the greatest empire ever. The first Liberal society in history. The first country that established human rights. The first kingdom that abolished slavery in the history. Persepolis in Iran is the only great ancient building that structured by paid workers. Entire of Middle East was province of Persian Empire just Greece resisted to stand against Persians. But I thought they did not know how well if they became a province of the Persian Empire. For 200 years Egypt was a semi-independent province of the Persian Empire but almost of their history they were completely independent of Persians. 77. In 1940, the Germans invaded and established a puppet state called Vichy France who controlled the French colonies in North Africa from which it tried to subordinate all of North Africa pushing the British back to Egypt before the Second Battle of El Alamein turned the tide in our favor. We then went to North Africa in November 1942 to help and on May 13, 1943 the Axis forces in North Africa surrendered. 78. Egyptian nationalism carries with it certain images of the 1950s Free Officers coup detat or the collusion of Anwar Sedat with the Nazis during WWII. Yet the roots of Egyptian nationalism go much, much deeper than these high-profile events would suggest. When legal reform was announced in 1884, it was heralded by the British tutelary regime as evidence of its effectiveness in (in Lord Kitcheners words) bringing law and order to Egypt. But in truth, the reforms had begun in 1879, three years before Admiral Seymour quelled the riots of Alexandria with the guns of the warships under his command. In the above example, we see the crux of the argument of this paper; that the two overlapping layers of nationalism, seen and unseen, were at work in Egypt as early as the years preceding the invasion and subjugation of Egypt by British troops and administrators. The purpose of this paper is to examine the ways -visible and invisible - in which Egyptian nationalism was expressed by both the Egyptian politicians and the Egyptian public. The first half of the paper will lay the groundwork by focusing on the concrete ways in which British, and to a larger extent Western, influence was resisted by Egyptians in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, namely through strikes, riots, assassinations, resignations and other high-profile events and actions. The latter half of the paper will delve deeper into how those who were largely disenfranchised in their own land were able to frustrate the attempts by the British to tighten their imperial grasp upon the land, particularly by investigating corruption, graft, litigiousness, legal reform and the role of lawyers and judges in the nationalist movement.
Posted on: Mon, 17 Mar 2014 00:38:30 +0000
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