ISLAMIC CRUSADES 630 Muhammad conquers Mecca from his base in Medina. 632 Muhammad dies in Medina. Islam controls the Hijaz. 636 Muslims conquest of Syria, and the surrounding lands, all Christian – including Palestine and Iraq. 637 Muslim Crusaders conquer Iraq (some date it in 635 or 636). 638 Muslim Crusaders conquer and annex Jerusalem, taking it from the Byzantines. 638 – 650 Muslim Crusaders conquer Iran, except along Caspian Sea. 639 – 642 Muslim Crusaders conquer Egypt. 641 Muslim Crusaders control Syria and Palestine. 643 – 707 Muslim Crusaders conquer North Africa. 644 – 650 Muslim Crusaders conquer Cyprus, Tripoli in North Africa, and establish Islamic rule in Iran, Afghanistan, and Sind. 673 – 678 Arabs besiege Constantinople, capital of Byzantine Empire. 691 Dome of the Rock is completed in Jerusalem, only six decades after Muhammad’s death. 710 – 713 Muslim Crusaders conquer the lower Indus Valley. 711 – 713 Muslim Crusaders conquer Spain and impose the kingdom of Andalus. The Muslim conquest moves into Europe. 718 Conquest of Spain complete. 732 Muslim invasion of France is stopped at the Battle of Poitiers / Battle of Tours. The Franks, under their leader Charles Martel (the grandfather of Charlemagne), defeat the Muslims and turn them back out of France. 762 Foundation of Baghdad. 785 Foundation of the Great Mosque of Cordova. 789 Rise of Idrisid amirs (Muslim Crusaders) in Morocco; Christoforos, a Muslim who converted to Christianity, is executed. 800 Autonomous Aghlabid dynasty (Muslim Crusaders) in Tunisia 807 Caliph Harun al—Rashid orders the destruction of non-Muslim prayer houses & of the church of Mary Magdalene in Jerusalem. 809 Aghlabids (Muslim Crusaders) conquer Sardinia, Italy. 813 Christians in Palestine are attacked; many flee the country. 831 Muslim Crusaders capture Palermo, Italy; raids in Southern Italy. 837 – 901 Aghlabids (Muslim Crusaders) conquer Sicily, raid Corsica, Italy, France. 869 – 883 Revolt of black slaves in Iraq. 909 Rise of the Fatimid Caliphate in Tunisia; these Muslim Crusaders occupy Sicily, Sardinia. 928 – 969 Byzantine military revival, they retake old territories, such as Cyprus (964) and Tarsus (969). 937 The Church of the Resurrection (aka Church of Holy Sepulcher) is burned down by Muslims; more churches in Jerusalem are attacked. 960 Conversion of Qarakhanid Turks to Islam. 969 Fatimids (Muslim Crusaders) conquer Egypt and found Cairo. 973 Israel and southern Syria are again conquered by the Fatimids. 1003 First persecutions by al—Hakim; the Church of St. Mark in Fustat, Egypt, is destroyed. 1009 Destruction of the Church of the Resurrection by al—Hakim (see 937). 1012 Beginning of al—Hakim’s oppressive decrees against Jews and Christians. 1050 Creation of Almoravid (Muslim Crusaders) movement in Mauretania; Almoravids (aka Murabitun) are coalition of western Saharan Berbers; followers of Islam, focusing on the Quran, the hadith, and Maliki law. 1071 Battle of Manzikert, Seljuk Turks (Muslim Crusaders) defeat Byzantines and occupy much of Anatolia. 1071 Turks (Muslim Crusaders) invade Palestine. 1073 Conquest of Jerusalem by Turks (Muslim Crusaders). 1075 Seljuks (Muslim Crusaders) capture Nicea (Iznik) and make it their capital in Anatolia. 1076 Almoravids (Muslim Crusaders) (see 1050) conquer western Ghana. 1086 Almoravids (Muslim Crusaders) (see 1050) send help to Andalus, Battle of Zallaca. 1090 – 1091 Almoravids (Muslim Crusaders) occupy all of Andalus except Saragossa and Balearic Islands. START OF WESTERN CRUSADES Only after all of the Islamic aggressive invasions is when Western Christendom launches its first Crusades. 1094 Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus I asks western Christendom for help against Seljuk (Muslim Turks) invasions of his territory. 1095 Pope Urban II preaches first Crusade; they capture Jerusalem in 1099.
Posted on: Wed, 14 Jan 2015 16:39:33 +0000
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