In the 1st century BC writings of Horace, lagana (Sing.: laganum) - TopicsExpress

In the 1st century BC writings of Horace, lagana (Sing.: laganum) were fine sheets of dough which were fried[11] and were an everyday food.[12] Writing in the 2nd century Athenaeus of Naucratis provides a recipe for lagana which he attributes to the 1st century Chrysippus of Tyana: sheets of dough made of wheat flour and the juice of crushed lettuce, then flavoured with spices and deep-fried in oil.[12] An early 5th century cookbook describes a dish called lagana that consisted of layers of dough with meat stuffing, a possible ancestor of modern-day lasagna.[12] However, the method of cooking these sheets of dough does not correspond to our modern definition of either a fresh or dry pasta product, which only had similar basic ingredients and perhaps the shape.[12] The first concrete information concerning pasta products in Italy dates from the 13th or 14th century.[13] Historians have noted several lexical milestones relevant to pasta, none of which changes these basic characteristics. For example, the works of the 2nd century AD Greek physician Galen mention itrion, homogeneous compounds made up of flour and water.[14] The Jerusalem Talmud records that itrium, a kind of boiled dough,[14] was common in Palestine from the 3rd to 5th centuries AD,[15] A dictionary compiled by the 9th century Arab physician and lexicographer Isho bar Ali[16] defines itriyya, the Arabic cognate, as string-like shapes made of semolina and dried before cooking. The geographical text of Muhammad al-Idrisi, compiled for the Norman King of Sicily Roger II in 1154 mentions itriyya manufactured and exported from Norman Sicily: "West of Termini there is a delightful settlement called Trabia.[17] Its ever-flowing streams propel a number of mills. Here there are huge buildings in the countryside where they make vast quantities of itriyya which is exported everywhere: to Calabria, to Muslim and Christian countries. Very many shiploads are sent."[18] Itriyya gives rise to trie in Italian,[citation needed] signifying long strips such as tagliatelle and trenette. One form of itriyya with a long history is laganum (plural lagana), which in Latin refers to a thin sheet of dough,[12] and gives rise to Italian lasagna.