Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 Main article: Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 This is also called theFirst Kashmir War. The war started in October 1947 when it was feared by the Pakistan that Maharajahof the princely stateof Kashmir and Jammumight accede to India as choice was given to him on the matter to accede to any of the newly independent nations. Tribal forces from Pakistanattacked and occupied the princely state, resulting in Maharajah signing the Agreement to the accessionof the princely state to India. The United Nations was invited by India to mediate the quarrel resulting in the UN Security Council passing Resolution 47on 22 April 1948. The war ended in December 1948 with the Line of Controldividing Kashmir into territories administered by Pakistan( northernand westernareas) and India(southern, central and northeastern areas). Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Main article: Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 This war started following Pakistans Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmirto precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on West Pakistan. The seventeen-day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and also witnessed the largest tank battle since World War II. The hostilities between the two countries ended after a ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and USA and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. Both India and Pakistan claimed victory. However, most neutral assessments agree that India had the upper hand over Pakistan when ceasefire was declared. Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Main article: Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 Further information: Bangladesh Liberation War The war was unique in that it did not involve the issue of Kashmir, but was rather precipitated by the crisis created by the political battle between Sheikh Mujib, Leader of East Pakistan and Yahya-Bhutto, leaders of West Pakistan brewing in erstwhile East Pakistanculminating in the declaration of Independence of Bangladesh from the state system of Pakistan. Following Operation Searchlightand the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities, about 10 million Bengalis in East Pakistan took refuge in neighbouring India. India intervened in the ongoing Bangladesh liberation movement. After a large scale pre-emptive strikeby Pakistan, full-scale hostilities between the two countries commenced. Within two weeks of intense fighting, Pakistani forces in East Pakistan surrenderedto the joint command of Indian and Bangladeshi forces following which the Peoples Republic of Bangladeshwas created. This war saw the highest number of casualties in any of the India-Pakistan conflicts, as well as the largest number of prisoners of warsince the Second World War after the surrender of more than 90,000 Pakistani military and civilians. In the words of one Pakistani Author,Pakistan lost half its navy, a quarter of its air force and a third of its army. Indo-Pakistani War of 1999 Main article: Kargil War Commonly known as Kargil War, this conflict between the two countries was mostly limited. During early 1999, Pakistani troops along with Kashmiri insurgents infiltrated across the Line of Control(LoC) and occupied Indian territory mostly in the Kargil district. India responded by launching a major military and diplomatic offensive to drive out the Pakistani infiltrators. Fearing large-scale escalation in military conflict, the international community, led by the United States, increased diplomatic pressure on Pakistan to withdraw forces from Indian territory. By the end of July 1999, organized hostilities in the Kargil district had ceased.
Posted on: Sun, 09 Mar 2014 16:30:40 +0000
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