Linguistic constituents are organized to form lager units, in a certain system, with the help of certain devices which is known as Syntactic Linkages. In other words Syntactic Linkage refers to the way of marking the relation of words or phrases to form a composite construction. According to Hockett (1985) there are four basic linkages. They are: 1. Linkage by selection: In this linkage there is the relationship between the attribute and the nominal unit in the construction. It is considered as the weakest type of linkage. For example, clear mind ( attribute +head) 2. Linkage by context: when the linkage of selection does not clarify the identity of constituents we need to see the context of the phrases /sentences. For example, clear mind. The phrase may not give clear meaning. We need another complete sentence/utterance such as ‘ we need clear mind to understand the fact.’ 3. Linkage by markers: There are the presence of makers in the sentence or phrase. Pure markers such as ‘and’, ‘but’ , ‘or’ etc are used. For example, Ram and Shyam are good friends. I searched you but I could not find you. Please, help me or wait for me. Besides, there may be Impure Markers such as prepositions ,conjunction etc. 4. Linkage by inflection: This kind of linkage is common in inflectional languages. There are three types of inflectional linkage such as Concord, government, cross reference. a. Concord: It refers to formal relationship between elements where a particular form of one word requires a particular form of another word. For example, she speaks English fluently. You speak English fluently. b. Government: one constituent governs or directs another constituent in a construction. For example, Ram eats.............( solid, edible object). Prepositions also governs the following objects. For example, There is a book on the table, There are many books in the room. There is a book in front of the table. There is a book behind the table. There is a book above the table. There is a book under the table. c. Cross reference: In this type, both the constituents in a construction have the same reference. For example, / hami padachhau/ Here, ‘hami’ and ‘padchhau’ have the same reference. So ‘khanchau’ only is sufficient to convey the meaning. There are two types of articles in English. Definite article and indefinite articles. Articles are used to qualify the noun so they are as adjectives. Articles are also called determinants because they determine the noun/nouns. Definite article The word ‘The’ is used as definite article because it specifies to a particular object or thing. The article is used in certain circumstances. Conditions for the use of Definite article ‘The’ • To specify the particular noun with definitive clause. E.g. The boy with long hair is my cousin. The water in the glass is for me. • To the repletion of the noun. E.g I saw an old man. The old man was my grandfather. There is a cow. The cow gives a lot of milk. • To the part of the body. E.g The head is very sensible part of human beings. Don’t wipe the nose with paper. • To the post or title of the person. E.g. I met the principle of the school and talked to him about my study. The section officer was a very helpful man. • To the religious book. E.g. Pandit Diwakar recites the Puran everyday. The Ramayan is a hindu epic. Linguistic constituents are organized to form lager units, in a certain system, with the help of certain devices which is known as Syntactic Linkages. In other words Syntactic Linkage refers to the way of marking the relation of words or phrases to form a composite construction. According to Hockett (1985) there are four basic linkages. They are: 1. Linkage by selection: In this linkage there is the relationship between the attribute and the nominal unit in the construction. It is considered as the weakest type of linkage. For example, clear mind ( attribute +head) 2. Linkage by context: when the linkage of selection does not clarify the identity of constituents we need to see the context of the phrases /sentences. For example, clear mind. The phrase may not give clear meaning. We need another complete sentence/utterance such as ‘ we need clear mind to understand the fact.’ 3. Linkage by markers: There are the presence of makers in the sentence or phrase. Pure markers such as ‘and’, ‘but’ , ‘or’ etc are used. For example, Ram and Shyam are good friends. I searched you but I could not find you. Please, help me or wait for me. Besides, there may be Impure Markers such as prepositions ,conjunction etc. 4. Linkage by inflection: This kind of linkage is common in inflectional languages. There are three types of inflectional linkage such as Concord, government, cross reference. a. Concord: It refers to formal relationship between elements where a particular form of one word requires a particular form of another word. For example, she speaks English fluently. You speak English fluently. b. Government: one constituent governs or directs another constituent in a construction. For example, Ram eats.............( solid, edible object). Prepositions also governs the following objects. For example, There is a book on the table, There are many books in the room. There is a book in front of the table. There is a book behind the table. There is a book above the table. There is a book under the table. c. Cross reference: In this type, both the constituents in a construction have the same reference. For example, / hami padachhau/ Here, ‘hami’ and ‘padchhau’ have the same reference. So ‘khanchau’ only is sufficient to convey the meaning. There are two types of articles in English. Definite article and indefinite articles. Articles are used to qualify the noun so they are as adjectives. Articles are also called determinants because they determine the noun/nouns. Definite article The word ‘The’ is used as definite article because it specifies to a particular object or thing. The article is used in certain circumstances. Conditions for the use of Definite article ‘The’ • To specify the particular noun with definitive clause. E.g. The boy with long hair is my cousin. The water in the glass is for me. • To the repletion of the noun. E.g I saw an old man. The old man was my grandfather. There is a cow. The cow gives a lot of milk. • To the part of the body. E.g The head is very sensible part of human beings. Don’t wipe the nose with paper. • To the post or title of the person. E.g. I met the principle of the school and talked to him about my study. The section officer was a very helpful man. • To the religious book. E.g. Pandit Diwakar recites the Puran everyday. The Ramayan is a hindu epic.
Posted on: Fri, 23 Aug 2013 03:42:05 +0000
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