List of Ebola outbreaks From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Ebola outbreak and Ebola epidemic redirect here. For the current West African outbreak, see Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses currently recognizes five ebolaviruses: Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), Reston virus (RESTV), Taï Forest virus (TAFV), and Bundibugyo virus (BDBV). Four of these viruses (excepting RESTV) are known to cause Ebola virus disease in humans.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Transmission between natural reservoirs and humans is rare, and outbreaks of Ebola virus disease are often traceable to a single case where an individual has handled the carcass of a gorilla, chimpanzee, or duiker.[7] The virus then spreads person-to-person, especially within families, hospitals, and during some mortuary rituals where contact among individuals becomes more likely.[8] Before outbreaks are confirmed in areas of weak surveillance on the local or regional levels, Ebola is often mistaken for malaria, typhoid fever, dysentery, influenza, or various bacterial infections which may be endemic to the region. Learning from failed responses, such as that to the 2000 Uganda outbreak, public health measures including the WHOs Global Outbreak and Response Network were instituted in areas at high risk. Field laboratories were established in order to confirm cases, instead of shipping samples to South Africa.[9] Outbreaks are closely followed by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Special Pathogens Branch) as well.[10] Contents [hide] 1 List of outbreaks 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References List of outbreaks[edit] Year Country Virus Human cases Human deaths CFR Description 1976 Sudan SUDV 284 151 53% Occurred in Nzara, Maridi and surrounding areas between June and November 1976.[11] Mainly spread by personal contact in hospitals. Many medical care personnel were infected.[12] 1976 Zaire EBOV 318 280 88% Main article: Yambuku § Ebola outbreak Occurred in Yambuku and surrounding areas in August. Spread by personal contact and use of contaminated needles and syringes in hospitals/clinics.[13] 1976 United Kingdom SUDV or EBOV[note 1] 1 0 N/A Laboratory infection by accidental stick of contaminated needle.[14][15] 1977 Zaire EBOV 1 1 N/A Noted retroactively in the village of Tandala.[15][16][17][18] 1979 Sudan SUDV 34 22 65% Occurred in Nzara, Maridi. Recurrent outbreak at the same site as the 1976 Sudan epidemic.[19] 1989–1990 Philippines RESTV 3[note 2] 0 N/A High mortality among crab-eating macaques in a primate facility responsible for exporting animals in the USA.[20] Three workers in the facility developed antibodies but did not get sick.[21] 1990 United States RESTV 4[note 3] 0 N/A RESTV was introduced into quarantine facilities in Virginia and Texas by monkeys imported from the Philippines. Four humans developed antibodies but did not get sick.[22] 1994 Gabon EBOV 52 31 60% Occurred in Mékouka and other gold-mining camps deep in the rain forest. Thought to be yellow fever until 1995.[23] 1994 Côte dIvoire[note 4] TAFV 1 0 N/A First and thus far only recognition of TAFV. Approximately one week after conducting necropsies on infected western chimpanzees in Taï National Park, a scientist contracted the virus and developed symptoms similar to those of dengue fever. She was discharged from a Swiss hospital two weeks later, and fully recovered after six weeks.[24] 1995 Zaire EBOV 315 254 81% Occurred in Kikwit and surrounding areas. Traced to index case-patient who worked in forest adjoining the city. Epidemic spread through families and hospitals.[25] 1996 Gabon EBOV 37 21 57% Occurred in Mayibout area between January and April. A chimpanzee found dead in the forest was eaten by people hunting for food. Nineteen people who were involved in the butchery of the animal became ill; other cases occurred in family members.[23] 1996 South Africa EBOV 2 1 N/A A medical professional traveled from Gabon to Johannesburg, South Africa, after having treated Ebola virus-infected patients. He was hospitalized, and the nurse that took care of him became infected and died.[26] 1996–1997 Gabon EBOV 60 45 75% Occurred in Booué area with transport of patients to Libreville between July 1996 and January 1997. Index case-patient was a hunter who lived in a forest camp. Disease was spread by close contact with infected persons. A dead chimpanzee found in the forest at the time was determined to be infected.[23] 2000–2001 Uganda SUDV 425 224 53% Occurred in Gulu, Masindi, and Mbarara districts of Uganda. The three greatest risks associated with Ebola virus infection were attending funerals of case-patients, having contact with case-patients in ones family, and providing medical care to case-patients without using adequate personal protective measures.[27] 2001–2002 Gabon Republic of the Congo EBOV 122 96 79% Occurred over the border of Gabon and the Republic of the Congo between October 2001 and July 2002. First reported occurrence of Ebola in the Republic of the Congo.[28] 2002–2003 Republic of the Congo EBOV 143 128 90% Occurred in the districts of Mbomo and Kéllé in Cuvette Ouest Département between December 2002 and April 2003.[29] 2003 Republic of the Congo EBOV 35 29 83% Occurred in Mbomo and Mbandza villages located in Mbomo district, Cuvette Ouest Département, between November and December.[30] 2004 Sudan SUDV 17 7 41% Occurred in Yambio county in Western Equatoria of southern Sudan. This outbreak was concurrent with an outbreak of measles in the same area, and several suspected EHF cases were later reclassified as measles cases.[31] 2004 Russia EBOV 1 1 N/A Laboratory contamination.[32] 2007 Democratic Republic of the Congo EBOV 264 187 71% Occurred in Kasai-Occidental Province. The outbreak was declared over on November 20. Last confirmed case on October 4 and last death on October 10.[33] 2007–2008 Uganda BDBV 149 37 25% First recognition of BDBV. Occurred in Bundibugyo District in western Uganda between December 2007 and January 2008[2][3][4] 2008 Philippines RESTV 6[note 5] 0 N/A First recognition of RESTV in pigs. Strain closely similar to earlier strains. Occurred in November. Six workers from the pig farm and slaughterhouse developed antibodies but did not become sick.[34][35] 2008–2009 Democratic Republic of the Congo EBOV 32 14 45% Occurred in the Mweka and Luebo health zones of the Province of Kasai-Occidental between December 2008 and February 2009[36] 2012 Uganda SUDV 24 17 71% Occurred in the Kibaale District between June and August.[37] 2012 Democratic Republic of the Congo BDBV 77 36 47% Occurred in Province Orientale between June and November.[38][39] 2013–2014 Guinea Liberia Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone United States Spain[note 6] EBOV 9,216[41] 4,555 71%[42][note 7] Main article: Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa The most severe Ebola outbreak recorded in regards to both the number of human cases and fatalities began in Guéckédou, Guinea, in December 2013, and spread abroad where it is still ongoing.[44][45][46] 2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo EBOV 70 42 Undetermined Main article: 2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak Occurred in Equateur Province. Outbreak detected 24 August and is still ongoing.[47][48][49]
Posted on: Fri, 17 Oct 2014 23:39:52 +0000