List of countries and capitals with currency and language From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This is a list of sovereign states and dependent territories of the world by continent, displayed with their respective national flags and capitals, and including their respective currencies and native languages. This list divides the world using the seven-continent model, with islands grouped into adjacent continents. The continents are: • Africa • Asia • Europe • North America • South America • Australasia (a geopolitical region, which includes the continent of Australia and the Pacific Islands) • Antarctica In other models, Asia and Europe can be combined as Eurasia, while North and South America can be combined as the Americas (for a detailed description of how the world is divided into continents, including different models, see here). There are sovereign states and dependent territories that can be considered to belong to more than one continent, according to geographical, political, or historical criteria. Contents [hide] 1 Africa 2 Asia 3 Europe 4 North America 5 South America 6 Oceania 7 Antarctica 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Africa[edit] Africa Africa (orthographic projection).svg Area 30,221,532 km2 (11,668,599 sq mi) Population 2,032,532,974[1] (2011, 2nd) Pop. density 30.51/km2 (about 80/sq mi) Countries 57 (list of countries) Languages Languages of Africa Time zones UTC-1 to UTC+4 Main articles: Africa and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa Further information: Geography of Africa For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here. Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.2 million km² (11.7 million sq mi) including adjacent islands, it covers six percent of the Earths total surface area and 20.4 percent of the total land area.[2] With 1.0 billion people (as of 2009, see table), it accounts for about 15% of the worlds human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagoes. It has 54 fully recognized sovereign states (countries), 10 territories and two de facto states with limited recognition.[3] Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely accepted as the origin of humans and the Hominidae clade (great apes), as evidenced by the discovery of the earliest hominids and their ancestors, as well as later ones that have been dated to around seven million years ago – including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster – with the earliest Homo sapiens (modern human) found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago.[4] Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas; it is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones.[5] The African expected economic growth rate is at about 5.0% for 2010 and 5.5% in 2011.[6] Flag Name Capital Currency Official language Algeria Algeria Algiers Dinar Arabic Angola Angola Luanda Kwanza Portuguese Benin Benin Porto-Novo (official) Cotonou (seat of government) CFA franc French Botswana Botswana Gaborone Pula English Setswana Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Ouagadougou CFA franc French Burundi Burundi Bujumbura Burundian franc Kirundi French Cameroon Cameroon Yaoundé CFA franc French English Cape Verde Cape Verde Praia Cape Verdean escudo Portuguese Central African Republic Central African Republic Bangui CFA franc French Sango Chad Chad NDjamena CFA franc French Arabic Comoros Comoros Moroni Comorian franc Comorian Arabic French Republic of the Congo Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) Brazzaville CFA franc French Ivory Coast Côte dIvoire (Ivory Coast) Yamoussoukro (official) Abidjan (seat of government) CFA franc French Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa) Kinshasa Congolese franc French Djibouti Djibouti Djibouti Djiboutian franc French Arabic Egypt Egypt Cairo Egyptian pound Arabic Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea Malabo Equatorial Guinean peseta Spanish French Portuguese Eritrea Eritrea Asmara Tallero Tigrinya Arabic English Ethiopia Ethiopia Addis Ababa Birr Amharic Gabon Gabon Libreville CFA franc French The Gambia Gambia Banjul Gambian dalasi English Ghana Ghana Accra Ghana cedi English Guinea Guinea Conakry Guinean franc French Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau Bissau CFA franc Portuguese Kenya Kenya Nairobi Kenyan shilling Swahili English Lesotho Lesotho Maseru Lesotho loti English Sesotho Liberia Liberia Monrovia Liberian dollar English Libya Libya Tripoli Dinar Arabic Madagascar Madagascar Antananarivo Malagasy ariary Malagasy French Malawi Malawi Lilongwe Kwacha English Chichewa Mali Mali Bamako CFA franc French Mauritania Mauritania Nouakchott Ouguiya Arabic Mauritius Mauritius Port Louis Mauritian rupee Mauritian Creole French English Mayotte Mayotte Mamoudzou Overseas department of France Euro French Morocco Morocco Rabat Moroccan dirham Arabic Berber Mozambique Mozambique Maputo Mozambican metical Portuguese Namibia Namibia Windhoek Namibian dollar English Niger Niger Niamey CFA franc French Nigeria Nigeria Abuja Naira English Réunion Réunion Saint-Denis Overseas department of France Euro French Rwanda Rwanda Kigali Rwandan franc Kinyarwanda English French Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Jamestown (Saint Helena) Georgetown (Ascension Island) Edinburgh of the Seven Seas (Tristan da Cunha) Saint Helena pound Pound sterling English São Tomé and Príncipe Sao Tome and Principe São Tomé Dobra Portuguese Senegal Senegal Dakar CFA franc French Seychelles Seychelles Victoria Seychellois rupee Seychellois Creole French English Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Freetown Leone English Somalia Somalia Mogadishu Somali shilling Somali Arabic Somaliland Somaliland Hargeisa Somaliland shilling Somali Arabic South Africa South Africa Pretoria (administrative/executive) Cape Town (legislative) Bloemfontein (judicial) South African rand Afrikaans English Southern Ndebele Northern Sotho Southern Sotho Swazi Tsonga Tswana Venda Xhosa Zulu South Sudan South Sudan Juba South Sudanese pound English Sudan Sudan Khartoum Sudanese pound Arabic English Swaziland Swaziland Mbabane (administrative) Lobamba (royal and legislative) Lilangeni English Swati Tanzania Tanzania Dodoma (official) Dar es Salaam (seat of government) Tanzanian shilling Swahili English Togo Togo Lomé CFA franc French Tunisia Tunisia Tunis Tunisian dinar Arabic Uganda Uganda Kampala Ugandan shilling Swahili English Luganda None Western Sahara None Disputed territory between Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Moroccan dirham Algerian dinar Mauritanian ouguiya See respective claimants Zambia Zambia Lusaka Zambian kwacha English Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Harare various English Shona Sindebele Asia[edit] Asia Globe centered on Asia, with Asia highlighted. The continent is shaped like a right-angle triangle, is the largest continent in the world, with Europe to the west, oceans to the south and east, and Australia visible to the south-east. Area 44,579,000 km2 (17,212,000 sq mi)[7] Population 5,879,000,000 (1st)[8] Pop. density 87/km2 (225/sq mi) Countries 48 (list of countries) Languages List of languages Time zones UTC+2 to UTC+12 Main articles: Asia and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia See also: Eurasia and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia Further information: Geography of Asia For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here. Asia (Listeni/ˈeɪʒə/ or /ˈeɪʃə/) is the worlds largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earths total surface area (or 30% of its land area) and with approximately 4.3 billion people, it hosts 60% of the worlds current human population. During the 20th century Asias population nearly quadrupled.[9] Asia is defined as comprising the eastwards four-fifths of Eurasia. It is located to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural river, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma-Manych Depression) and the Caspian and Black Seas.[10][11] It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. Given its size and diversity, Asia – a toponym dating back to classical antiquity – is more a cultural concept incorporating diverse regions and peoples than a homogeneous physical entity.[12] Asia differs very widely among and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties and government systems. Flag Name Capital Currency Official language Abkhazia Abkhazia Sukhumi De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as part of Georgia. Russian ruble Georgian Abkhaz Russian Afghanistan Afghanistan Kabul Afghani Pashto Dari (Persian) Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Episkopi Cantonment Euro English Greek Armenia Armenia Yerevan Dram Armenian Azerbaijan Azerbaijan [Europe] Baku Manat Azerbaijani Bahrain Bahrain Manama Bahraini dinar Arabic Bangladesh Bangladesh Dhaka Taka Bengali Bhutan Bhutan Thimphu Bhutanese ngultrum Dzongkha British Indian Ocean Territory British Indian Ocean Territory Diego Garcia Overseas territory of the United Kingdom US dollar UK pound English Brunei Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei dollar Bahasa Melayu Cambodia Cambodia Phnom Penh Riel Khmer China China Beijing Renminbi (yuan) Standard Chinese Christmas Island Christmas Island Flying Fish Cove External territory of Australia Australian dollar English Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands West Island External territory of Australia English Cyprus Cyprus [Europe] Nicosia Euro Greek Turkish East Timor East Timor (Timor-Leste) Dili US Dollar Portuguese Tetum Georgia (country) Georgia [Europe] Tbilisi Lari Georgian Hong Kong Hong Kong Special administrative region of China Hong Kong dollar English Cantonese India India New Delhi Rupee Hindi English Indonesia Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah Indonesian Iran Iran Tehran Rial Persian Iraq Iraq Baghdad Iraqi dinar Kurdish Arabic Israel Israel Jerusalem New Shekel Hebrew English Arabic Japan Japan Tokyo Yen Japanese Jordan Jordan Amman Jordanian dinar Arabic Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Astana Tenge Kazakh Russian Iraqi Kurdistan Kurdistan Erbil Dinar Kurdish Kuwait Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti dinar Arabic Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Som Kyrgyz Russian Laos Laos Vientiane Kip Lao Lebanon Lebanon Beirut Lebanese pound Arabic Macau Macau Special administrative region of China Macanese pataca Portuguese Cantonese Malaysia Malaysia Kuala Lumpur (official) Putrajaya (seat of government) Ringgit Malaysian Maldives Maldives Malé Maldivian rufiyaa Maldivian Mongolia Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Tögrög Mongolian Burma Myanmar (Burma) Naypyidaw Kyat Burmese Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Nagorno-Karabakh Stepanakert De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as de jure part of Azerbaijan Armenian dram Armenian Nepal Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese rupee Nepali Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus Nicosia De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nation as de jure part of Cyprus Turkish lira Turkish North Korea North Korea Pyongyang North Korean won Korean Oman Oman Muscat Rial Arabic Pakistan Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani Rupee English Urdu State of Palestine Palestine Ramallah (West Bank seat of government) Gaza (Gaza Strip seat of government) East Jerusalem (capital) State of Palestine (flag displayed) proclaimed on territory Israeli Shekel Arabic Philippines Philippines Manila Philippine Peso Filipino English Qatar Qatar Doha Riyal Arabic Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi riyal Arabic Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore dollar English Chinese Malay Tamil South Korea South Korea Seoul South Korean won Korean South Ossetia South Ossetia Tskhinvali De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as de jure part of Georgia Russian ruble Ossetic Georgian Russian Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Sri Lankan rupee Sinhala Tamil Syria Syria Damascus Syrian pound Arabic Taiwan Taiwan Taipei De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as part of China. New Taiwan dollar Standard Chinese Tajikistan Tajikistan Dushanbe Somoni Tajik Thailand Thailand Bangkok Baht Thai Turkey Turkey [Europe] Ankara Turkish lira Turkish Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Ashgabat Turkmen new manat Turkmen United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi UAE dirham Arabic Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Tashkent Uzbekistan som (Ozbekiston somi) Uzbek Vietnam Vietnam Hanoi đồng Vietnamese Yemen Yemen Sanaa Yemeni rial Arabic Tagalog Notes The Russian Federation is classified as a European country by the United Nations Statistics Division. Russia is historically the successor of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, a medieval state of northeastern Europe. The Russian conquest of Northern Asia begins in the late 16th century. Today, most of the territory of Russia is in Asia, but most of its population lives in the European part. Europe[edit] Europe Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary.svg Area 10,180,000 km2 (3,930,000 sq mi)[n] Population 739,165,030[n] (2011), 3rd) Pop. density 72.5/km2 Countries 50 (list of countries) Languages List of languages Time zones UTC to UTC+6 Main articles: Europe and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe See also: Eurasia and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia Further information: Geography of Europe For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here. Europe (Listeni/ˈjʊərəp/ ewr-əp or /ˈjɜrəp/ yur-əp[13]) is, by convention, one of the worlds seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting the Black and Aegean Seas.[14] Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Black Sea and connected waterways to the southeast. Yet the borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are somewhat arbitrary, as the primarily physiographic term continent can incorporate cultural and political elements. Europe is the worlds second-smallest continent by surface area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earths surface and about 6.8% of its land area. Of Europes approximately 50 states, Russia is by far the largest by both area and population, taking up 40% of the continent (although the country has territory in both Europe and Asia), while the Vatican City is the smallest. Europe is the third-most populous continent after Asia and Africa, with a population of 733 million or about 11% of the worlds population.[15] Europe, in particular Ancient Greece, is the birthplace of Western culture.[16] It played a predominant role in global affairs from the 15th century onwards, especially after the beginning of colonialism. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European nations controlled at various times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania, and large portions of Asia. In 1900, Europes share of the worlds population was 25%.[17] Both World Wars were largely focused upon Europe, greatly contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the United States and Soviet Union took prominence.[18] During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east. European integration led to the formation of the Council of Europe and the European Union in Western Europe, both of which have been expanding eastward since the revolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Flag Name Capital Currency Official language Åland Islands Åland Islands Mariehamn Autonomous region of Finland (recognized by international treaty) Euro Swedish Albania Albania Tirana Lek Albanian Andorra Andorra Andorra la Vella Euro Catalan Austria Austria Vienna Euro German Belarus Belarus Minsk Belarusian ruble Belarusian Russian Belgium Belgium Brussels Euro Dutch French German Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Convertible mark Bosnian Croatian Serbian Bulgaria Bulgaria Sofia Lev Bulgarian Croatia Croatia Zagreb Kuna Croatian Czech Republic Czech Republic Prague Czech koruna Czech Denmark Denmark Copenhagen Danish krone[a] Danish Estonia Estonia Tallinn Euro Estonian Faroe Islands Faroe Islands Tórshavn Self-governing territory of the Danish Realm Faroese króna Faroese Danish Finland Finland Helsinki Euro Finnish Swedish France France Paris Euro CFP franc French Germany Germany Berlin Euro German Gibraltar Gibraltar Gibraltar Overseas territory of the United Kingdom Gibraltar pound English Greece Greece Athens Euro Greek Guernsey Guernsey Saint Peter Port British Crown dependency Pound sterling English French Hungary Hungary Budapest Forint Hungarian Iceland Iceland Reykjavík Icelandic króna Icelandic Republic of Ireland Ireland Dublin Euro English Irish Isle of Man Isle of Man Douglas British Crown dependency Pound sterling English Manx Italy Italy Rome Euro Italian Jersey Jersey Saint Helier British Crown dependency Pound sterling English French Kosovo Kosovo Pristina De facto sovereign state recognized by over 80 UN member states A United Nations mandate in Serbian territory was put in place starting in 1999. Euro Albanian Serbian Latvia Latvia Ryga Euro Latvian Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Vaduz Swiss franc German Lithuania Lithuania Vilnius Euro Lithuanian Luxembourg Luxembourg Luxembourg Euro Luxembourgish French German Republic of Macedonia Macedonia Skopje Macedonian denar Macedonian Malta Malta Valletta Euro Maltese English Moldova Moldova Chişinău Moldovan leu Moldovan Monaco Monaco Monaco Euro French Montenegro Montenegro Podgorica Euro Montenegrin Netherlands Netherlands Amsterdam Euro US dollar NA guilder Aruban florin Dutch Norway Norway Oslo Norwegian krone Norwegian Bokmål Nynorsk Poland Poland Warsaw Złoty Polish Portugal Portugal Lisbon Euro Portuguese Romania Romania Bucharest Romanian leu Romanian Russia Russia Moscow Russian ruble Russian 27 others co-official San Marino San Marino San Marino Euro Italian Serbia Serbia Belgrade Serbian dinar Serbian Slovakia Slovakia Bratislava Euro Slovak Slovenia Slovenia Ljubljana Euro Slovene Spain Spain Madrid Euro Spanish Catalan Galician Basque Svalbard Svalbard Longyearbyen Special territory of Norway (recognized by international treaty) Norwegian krone Norwegian Sweden Sweden Stockholm Swedish krona Swedish Switzerland Switzerland Bern Swiss franc German French Italian Romansh Transnistria Transnistria Tiraspol De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as de jure part of Moldova Transnistrian ruble Russian Moldovan Ukrainian Ukraine Ukraine Kiev Ukrainian hryvnia Ukrainian United Kingdom United Kingdom London Pound sterling English Vatican City Vatican City Vatican City Euro Italian Notes • Transcontinental countries in Europe and Asia, classified as West Asian countries by the United Nations Statistics Division: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, Armenia. • In West Asia, but a member of the European Union: Cyprus. North America[edit] North America Location North America.svg Area 24,709,000 km2 (9,540,000 sq mi) Population 528,720,588 (2008, 4th) Pop. density 22.9/km2 (59.3/sq mi)[b] Countries 23 (list of countries) Languages List of languages Time zones UTC-10 to UTC Main articles: North America and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America See also: Americas and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Americas Further information: Geography of North America For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here. North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas.[19] It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 4.8% of the planets surface or about 16.5% of its land area. As of July 2008, its population was estimated at nearly 529 million people across 23 independent states. North America is the third-largest continent in area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth in population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. Flag Name Capital Currency Official language Anguilla Anguilla The Valley Overseas territory of the United Kingdom East Caribbean Dollar English Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda St. Johns East Caribbean Dollar English Aruba Aruba Oranjestad Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Aruban florin Papiamento Dutch The Bahamas Bahamas Nassau Bahamian Dollar English Barbados Barbados Bridgetown Barbadian Dollar English Belize Belize Belmopan Belize Dollar English Bermuda Bermuda Hamilton Overseas territory of the United Kingdom Bermudian Dollar English Bonaire Bonaire Kralendijk Special municipality of the Netherlands United States Dollar Dutch British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands Road Town Overseas territory of the United Kingdom United States Dollar English Canada Canada Ottawa Canadian Dollar French English Cayman Islands Cayman Islands George Town Overseas territory of the United Kingdom Cayman Islands Dollar English Clipperton Island Clipperton Island uninhabited Overseas territory of France Euro French Costa Rica Costa Rica San José Costa Rican colon Spanish Cuba Cuba Havana Cuban peso Spanish Curaçao Curaçao Willemstad Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Netherlands Antillean guilder Papiamento Dutch Dominica Dominica Roseau East Caribbean Dollar English Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Santo Domingo Dominican peso Spanish El Salvador El Salvador San Salvador United States Dollar Spanish Greenland Greenland Nuuk Self-governing territory of the Danish Realm Danish Krone Greenlandic Grenada Grenada St. Georges East Caribbean Dollar English Guadeloupe Guadeloupe Basse-Terre Overseas department of France Euro French Guatemala Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemalan quetzal Spanish Haiti Haiti Port-au-Prince Haitian gourde French Honduras Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduran lempira Spanish Jamaica Jamaica Kingston Jamaican Dollar English Martinique Martinique Fort-de-France Overseas department of France Euro French Mexico Mexico Mexico City Mexican peso Spanish Montserrat Montserrat Plymouth (official) Brades (seat of government) Overseas territory of the United Kingdom East Caribbean Dollar English Navassa Island Navassa Island - Insular area of the United States of America United States Dollar English Nicaragua Nicaragua Managua Nicaraguan cordoba Spanish Panama Panama Panama City United States Dollar Panamanian balboa Spanish Puerto Rico Puerto Rico San Juan Insular area of the United States of America United States Dollar English Spanish Saba Saba The Bottom Special municipality of the Netherlands United States Dollar Saint Barthélemy Saint Barthélemy Gustavia Overseas collectivity of France Euro French Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre East Caribbean Dollar English Saint Lucia Saint Lucia Castries East Caribbean Dollar English Collectivity of Saint Martin Saint Martin Marigot Overseas collectivity of France Euro French Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint-Pierre Overseas collectivity of France Euro French Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown East Caribbean Dollar English Sint Eustatius Sint Eustatius Oranjestad Special municipality of the Netherlands United States Dollar Sint Maarten Sint Maarten Philipsburg Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Netherlands Antillean guilder Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago Dollar English Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Cockburn Town Overseas territory of the United Kingdom United States Dollar English United States United States Washington, D.C. United States Dollar English United States Virgin Islands United States Virgin Islands Charlotte Amalie Insular area of the United States of America United States Dollar English South America[edit] South America South America (orthographic projection).svg Area 17,840,000 km2 (6,890,000 sq mi) Population 387,489,196 (2011, 5th) Pop. density 21.4 per km2 (56.0 per sq mi) Countries 12 (list of countries) Languages List of languages Time zones UTC-2 to UTC-5 Main articles: South America and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America See also: Americas and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Americas Further information: Geography of South America For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here. South America is a continent located in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.[20][21] It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. It is formed by twelve sovereign states - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela - the French Guiana, which is an overseas region of France, and the Falkland Islands, a British Overseas Territory. In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Netherlands may also be considered part of South America, as well as Trinidad and Tobago. The South American states that border the Caribbean Sea – Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana – are also known as Caribbean South America. South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its population as of 2005 has been estimated at more than 371,090,000. South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, and North America) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America). The word America was coined in 1507 by cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann, after Amerigo Vespucci, who was the first European to suggest that the lands newly discovered by Europeans were not India, but a New World unknown to Europeans. Flag Name Capital Currency Official language Argentina Argentina Buenos Aires Peso Spanish Bolivia Bolivia Sucre (official) La Paz (seat of government) Boliviano Spanish Quechua Aymara Brazil Brazil Brasília Real Portuguese Chile Chile Santiago Peso Spanish Colombia Colombia Bogotá Peso Spanish Ecuador Ecuador Quito United States dollar Spanish Falkland Islands Falkland Islands Stanley Overseas territory of the United Kingdom Falkland Islands pound English French Guiana French Guiana Cayenne Overseas department of France Euro French Guyana Guyana Georgetown Guyanese dollar English Paraguay Paraguay Asunción Guaraní Spanish Guaraní Peru Peru Lima Nuevo sol Spanish Suriname Suriname Paramaribo Surinamese dollar Dutch Uruguay Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan peso Spanish Venezuela Venezuela Caracas Bolívar fuerte Spanish Oceania[edit] Oceania An orthographic projection of geopolitical Oceania. Geopolitical Oceania Area 8,560,000 km2 (3,310,000 sq mi) Population 38,304,000 (2013, 5th) Pop. density 4.47 per km2 (11.57 per sq mi) Countries 14 (list of countries) Languages List of languages Time zones UTC-2 to UTC-5 Main articles: Oceania and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania See also: Australia (continent) and Pacific Islands Further information: Geography of Oceania For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here. Australia (UK /ˌoʊʃɪˈɑːnɪə/ or /ˌoʊsɪˈɑːnɪə/;[22] US /ˌoʊʃiːˈæniːə/)[23] is a region centered on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean.[24] Opinions of what constitutes Oceania range from the coral atolls and volcanic islands of the South Pacific (ethnologically divided into the subregions of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia)[25] to the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas, including Australasia and the Maritime Southeast Asia.The term is sometimes used more specifically to denote a continent comprising Australia and proximate islands,[26][27][28][29] or biogeographically as a synonym for either the Australasian ecozone (Wallacea and Australasia) or the Pacific ecozone (Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia apart either from New Zealand[30] or from mainland New Guinea).[31] Flag Name Capital Currency Official language American Samoa American Samoa Pago Pago Insular area of the United States of America United States dollar English Samoan Ashmore and Cartier Islands Ashmore and Cartier Islands External territory of Australia — — Australia Australia Canberra Australian dollar None[c] Baker Island Baker Island — Insular area of the United States of America Cook Islands Cook Islands Avarua Self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand New Zealand dollar Cook Islands dollar English Cook Islands Māori Coral Sea Islands Coral Sea Islands — External territory of Australia Fiji Fiji Suva Fijian dollar French Polynesia French Polynesia Papeete Overseas collectivity of France CFP Franc French Guam Guam Hagåtña Insular area of the United States of America Howland Island Howland Island — Insular area of the United States of America Jarvis Island Jarvis Island — Insular area of the United States of America Johnston Atoll Johnston Atoll — Insular area of the United States of America Kingman Reef Kingman Reef — Insular area of the United States of America Kiribati Kiribati South Tarawa Marshall Islands Marshall Islands Majuro Federated States of Micronesia Micronesia Palikir Midway Atoll Midway Atoll — Insular area of the United States of America Nauru Nauru Yaren (seat of government) France New Caledonia New Caledonia Nouméa Sui generis collectivity (special collectivity) of France CFP Franc French New Zealand New Zealand Wellington New Zealand Dollar Maori New Zealand Sign English Niue Niue Alofi Self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand Norfolk Island Norfolk Island Kingston Self-governing territory of Australia Northern Mariana Islands Northern Mariana Islands Saipan Insular area of the United States of America Palau Palau Ngerulmud Palmyra Atoll Palmyra Atoll — Insular area of the United States of America Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands Adamstown Overseas territory of the United Kingdom Samoa Samoa Apia Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Honiara Tokelau Tokelau Nukunonu (main settlement, although each atoll has its own administrative centre) Dependent territory of New Zealand Tonga Tonga Nukuʻalofa Tuvalu Tuvalu Funafuti Vanuatu Vanuatu Port Vila Vanuatu vatu Bislama French English Wake Island Wake Island — Insular area of the United States of America United States dollar Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna Mata-Utu Overseas collectivity of France CFP Franc French Antarctica[edit] Antarctica This map uses an orthographic projection, near-polar aspect. The South Pole is near the center, where longitudinal lines converge. Area 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi)[32] Main article: Antarctica Further information: Geography of Antarctica Antarctica (Listeni/æntˈɑrtɨkə/ or /ænˈtɑrktɨkə/)[d] is Earths southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km2 (5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages at least 1 mile (1.6 km) in thickness. Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents.[35] Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches) along the coast and far less inland.[36] The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89 °C (−129 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Only cold-adapted organisms survive there, including many types of algae, animals (for example mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades), bacteria, fungi, plants, and protista. Vegetation where it occurs is tundra. Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis (Southern Land) date back to antiquity, the first confirmed sighting of the continent is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny. The continent, however, remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment, lack of resources, and isolation. The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 by 12 countries; to date, 49 countries have signed the treaty. The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining, prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal, supports scientific research, and protects the continents ecozone. Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations. Antarctica is regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, which defines it as all land and ice shelves south of 60°S, and has no government and belongs to no country. However, the following territorial claims in Antarctica have been made: • Argentina: Argentine Antarctica • Australia: Australian Antarctic Territory • Brazil: Brazilian Antarctica (unofficial) • Chile: Antártica • France: Adélie Land • New Zealand: Ross Dependency • Norway: Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land • United Kingdom: British Antarctic Territory • (Unclaimed: Marie Byrd Land) Moreover, the following dependent territories are situated in the wider Antarctic Region: Flag Name Capital Currency Official Language Bouvet Island Bouvet Island Dependent territory of Norway — — — French Southern and Antarctic Lands French Southern Territories Alfred Faure (Crozet Islands) Port-aux-Français (Kerguelen Islands) Martin-de-Viviès (Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands) Overseas territory of France Euro French Heard Island and McDonald Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands External territory of Australia — — — South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands King Edward Point Overseas territory of the United Kingdom Pound sterling English See also[edit] • List of countries and capitals in native languages • List of national capitals • List of currencies Notes[edit] a. Jump up ^ In the Faroe Islands the currency has a separate design and is known as the króna, but is not a separate currency. b. Jump up ^ This North American density figure is based on a total land area of 23,090,542 km2 only, considerably less than the total combined land and water area of 24,709,000 km². c. Jump up ^ English does not have de jure status. d. Jump up ^ The word was originally pronounced without /k/, but the spelling pronunciation has become very common. The c was originally added to the spelling for etymological reasons and then began to be pronounced.[33][34] References[edit] 1. Jump up ^ World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision United Nations (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, population division) 2. Jump up ^ Sayre, April Pulley. (1999) Africa, Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2. 3. Jump up ^ See List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa. 4. Jump up ^ Homo sapiens: University of Utah News Release: Feb. 16, 2005[dead link] 5. Jump up ^ Visual Geography. Africa. General info. Retrieved 2007-11-24. 6. Jump up ^ IMF WEO Oct. 2010. Retrieved 2010 October 15. 7. Jump up ^ National Geographic Family Reference Atlas of the World. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society (U.S.). 2006. p. 264. 8. Jump up ^ Continents of the World. The List. Worldatlas. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011. 9. Jump up ^ Like herrings in a barrel. The Economist (The Economist online, The Economist Group) (Millennium issue: Population). 23 December 1999.. 10. Jump up ^ Asia. eb, Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2006. 11. Jump up ^ National Geographic Atlas of the World (7th ed.). Washington, DC: National Geographic. 1999. ISBN 978-0-7922-7528-2. Europe (pp. 68–9); Asia (pp. 90–1): A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles. 12. Jump up ^ Asia. AccessScience. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 26 July 2011. 13. Jump up ^ OED Online gives the pronunciation of Europe as: Brit. ˈjʊərəp, ˈjɔːrəp, U.S. ˈjɜrəp, ˈjʊrəp. 14. Jump up ^ National Geographic Atlas of the World (7th ed.). Washington, DC: National Geographic. 1999. ISBN 0-7922-7528-4. Europe (pp. 68–9); Asia (pp. 90–1): A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles. 15. Jump up ^ Global: UN Migrants, Population. Migration News. January 2010 Volume 17 Number 1. 16. Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen 1997, p. 226 17. Jump up ^ World Population Growth, 1950–2050. Population Reference Bureau. 18. Jump up ^ National Geographic, 534. 19. Jump up ^ North America. Encyclopædia Britannica. 20. Jump up ^ South America[dead link]. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 2001–6. New York, Columbia University Press: fourth largest continent ..., the southern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere. 21. Jump up ^ LANIC country page. Lanic.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2010-10-24. 22. Jump up ^ Pronunciation: The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) ISBN 0-19-861263-X — p.1282 Oceania /ˌəʊsɪˈɑːnɪə, -ʃɪ-/. 23. Jump up ^ Oceania. Dictionary. Random House, Inc. 2012. 24. Jump up ^ For a history of the term, see Douglas & Ballard (2008) Foreign bodies: Oceania and the science of race 1750–1940 25. Jump up ^ Oceania[dead link]. 2005. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Columbia University Press. 26. Jump up ^ Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings, United Nations Statistics Division. Revised August 28, 2007. Accessed on line October 11, 2007. 27. Jump up ^ The Atlas of Canada. Revised Date Modified: August 17, 2004. Accessed on line January 31, 2011. 28. Jump up ^ Encarta Mexico Oceanía. Mx.encarta.msn. Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. Retrieved 2009-04-17. 29. Jump up ^ Lewis, Martin W.; Kären E. Wigen (1997). The Myth of Continents: a Critique of Metageography. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 32. ISBN 0-520-20742-4, ISBN 0-520-20743-2. Interestingly enough, the answer [from a scholar who sought to calculate the number of continents] conformed almost precisely to the conventional list: North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Oceania (Australia plus New Zealand), Africa, and Antarctica. 30. Jump up ^ Udvardy. 1975. A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world 31. Jump up ^ Steadman. 2006. Extinction & biogeography of tropical Pacific birds 32. Jump up ^ United States Central Intelligence Agency (2011). Antarctica. The World Factbook. Government of the United States. Retrieved 22 October 2011. 33. Jump up ^ Crystal, David (2006). The Fight for English. Oxford University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-19-920764-0. 34. Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. Antarctic. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 16 November 2011. 35. Jump up ^ National Satellite, Data, and Information Service. National Geophysical Data Center. Government of the United States. Archived from the original on 13 June 2006. Retrieved 9 June 2006. 36. Jump up ^ Joyce, C. Alan (18 January 2007). The World at a Glance: Surprising Facts. The World Almanac. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2009. External links[edit] • European Commission: List of countries, territories and currenci
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