Lý ra bài này được gt cuối cùng, nhưng vì tính quan trọng nên mình muốn gt nó đầu tiên... Reported Speech. If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request. Statements When transforming statements, check whether you have to change: * pronouns * present tense verbs (3rd person singular) * place and time expressions * tenses (backshift) Example: direct speech “I speak English.” reported speech (no backshift) He says that he speaks English. reported speech (backshift) He said that he spoke English. Pronouns In reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun depending on who says what. Example: She says, “My mum doesn’t have time today.” – She says that her mum doesn’t have time today. Tenses No backshift Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Present (e. g. He says). Note, however, that you might have to change the form of the present tense verb (3rd person singular). Example: He says, “I speak English.” – He says that he speaks English. Backshift You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Past (e. g. He said). This is called backshift. Example: He said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was happy. Simple Present - Simple Past Present Progressive - Past Progressive Simple Past, Present Perfect Simple, Past Perfect Simple - Past Perfect Simple Past Progressive, Present Perfect Progressive, Past Perfect Progressive - Past Perfect Progressive Future I (going to) - was / were going to Future I (will), Conditional I (would) - Conditional I (would) The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn’t, ought to, used to do not normally change. Example: He said, “She might be right.” – He said that she might be right. Place and Time expressions For place and time expressions you have to check whether place and time are the same in direct and reported speech or not. Check out the following example: It is Friday and you meet James at a restaurant. James tells you that he saw Caroline in this restaurant today. (“I saw Caroline here today.”) A few minutes later, Helen joins you and you want to report what James has told you. Place (here) and time (today) are the same and you can say: → James said that he had seen Caroline here today. One day later, you meet Mary at the same restaurant. Again, you want to report to her what James has told you. The place is the same, but not the time (it happened yesterday). So you would say: → James said that he had seen Caroline here yesterday. Still a few days later, Tom rings you at home. Again, you want to report to him what James has told you. However, now you are not at the restaurant (but at home) and a few days have passed since then. So you would say: → James said that he had seen Caroline at the restaurant on Friday. oder → I met James in a restaurant on Friday and he said that he had seen Caroline there that day. Therefore you always have to think which place and time expressions are logical in a certain situation. In the following table, you will find ways of transforming place and time expressions into reported speech. today - that day now - then yesterday - the day before … days ago - … days before last week - the week before next year - the following year tomorrow - the next day / the following day here - there this - that these - those Questions When transforming questions, check whether you have to change: * pronouns * present tense verbs (3rd person singular) * place and time expressions * tenses (backshift) Also note that you have to: * transform the question into an indirect question * use the interrogative or if / whether with interrogative direct speech: “Why don’t you speak English?” reported speech: He asked me why I didn’t speak English. without interrogative direct speech: “Do you speak English?” reported speech: He asked me whether / if I spoke English. For pronouns, tenses and place / time expressions see statements in reported speech. It is also important that you use an indirect question in reported speech, i.e. after the interrogative or ‚whether‘ / ‚if‘ you continue the sentence as if it were a statement (subject-verb etc.). The auxiliary verb ‚do‘ is not used in indirect questions. Example: He asked: “Where does she live?“ – He asked where she lived. Requests When transforming questions, check whether you have to change: * pronouns * place and time expressions direct speech: “Carol, speak English.“ reported speech: He told Carol to speak English. For pronouns and place / time expressions see statements in reported speech. Tenses are not relevant for requests – simply use ‚to‘ + infinite verb. Example: She said, “Say hello to your mum.“ – She asked me to say hello to my mum. For negative requests, use ‚not to‘ + infinite verb. Example: He said, “Don’t give up, Bob.“ – He advised Bob not to give up. Additional Information and Exeptions Apart from the above mentioned basic rules, there are further aspects that you should keep in mind, for example: * main clauses connected with and / but * tense of the introductory clause * reported speech for difficult tenses * exeptions for backshift * requests with must, should, ought to and let’s Main Clauses connected with and / but If two complete main clauses are connected with ‚and‘ or ‚but‘, put ‚that‘ after the conjunction. Example: He said,“I saw her but she didn’t see me.“ – He said that he had seen her but that she hadn’t seen him.“ If the subject is left out in the second main clause (the conjunction is followed by a verb), do not use ‚that‘. Example: She said,“I am a nurse and work in a hospital.“ – He said that she was a nurse and worked in a hospital.“ Tense of the Introductory Clause The introductory clause usually is in Past Tense. Example: He said that … Present Tense is often used to report a conversation that is still going on, e. g. during a phone call or while reading a letter. Example: “I am fine.“ – Tom says / writes that he is fine. The introductory clause can also be in another tense. In the following table you can see, for which tense of the introductory clause you have to use backshift in reported speech. No Backshift if introductory clause is in … * Simple Present (He says …) * Present Perfect (He has said …) * Future I will (He will say …) * Future I going to (He is going to say …) Backshift if introductory clause is in … * Simple Past (He said …) * Past Perfect (He had said …) * Future II ( He will have said …) * Conditional I (He would say …) * Conditional II (He would have said …) Exceptions Backshift of Simple Present is optional if the situation is still unchanged or if you agree with the original speaker. Example: “Canberra is the capital of Australia.“ - She said that Canberra is / was the capital of Australia. Backshift of Simple Past and Past Progressive is optional if they cannot be mistakenly taken for backshift of Present Tense. So backshift is not necessary if there is a time expression indicating past. Example: “She left Boston on Monday.“ - He said that she left / had left Boston on Monday. Simple Past and Past Progressive do not normally change in sentences with when / if. Example: “When I was having breakfast, the telephone suddenly rang.“ - She said that when she was having breakfast, the telephone suddenly rang. Example: “If I had more time, I would learn French.“ - He said that if he had more time, he would learn French. Requests The basic rule for requests is: introductory clause + ‚to‘ + infinite verb. Example: “Say hello to your mum.“ - She asked me to say hello to my mum. Advise expressions with must, should and ought are usually reported using advise / urge. Example: “You must read that book.“ - He advised / urged me to read that book. The expression let’s is usually reported using suggest. In this case, there are various possibilities for reported speech: gerund or statement with should. Example: “Let’s go to the cinema.“ He suggested going to the cinema. He suggested that we should go to the cinema. 1. Reported commands and requests *Các mệnh lệnh (commands) được tường thuật với tell và to + infinitive. Ví dụ: - Wait! Wait! >>> I told him to wait. - Keep silent! the teacher said to us >>> The teacher told us to keep silent. *Các yêu cầu (requests) được tường thuật với ask và to + infinitive. Ví dụ: - Please close the window! the man said to me. >>> The man asked me to close the window. - Please turn the radio down! said the lady. >>> The lady asked me to turn the radio down. +Other reporting verbs. Ngoài các động từ tường thuật như say, said, tell, told được dùng để tường thuật mộ lời phát biểu hay ask, asked, want to know, wanted to know, wonder, wondered được dùng để tường thuật một câu hỏi ra, chúng ta có thể dùng các động từ tường thuật một câu mệnh lệnh, một câu đề nghị lịch sự, một lời hứa, hay một lời khuyên, .v.v.... *Verb + to infinitive: agree: đồng ý đecie: quyết định offer: đề nghị promise: hứa refuse: từ chối Ví dụ: - “Ok, I’ll give you a lift”, said John. >>> John agreed to give me / her a lift. - “I’ll have the fish soup, please”, said Jerry. >>> Jerry decided to have the fish soup. *Verb + object + to infinitve advise: khuyên ask: yêu cầu encourage: khuyến khích, động viên invite: mời remind: nhắc, nhắc nhở tell: bảo want: muốn warn: khuyên bảo, khuyến cáo Ví dụ: - “Don’t forget to send your mother a birthday cake, Tom” >>> I reminded Tom to send his mother a birthday cake. - “Would you like to come to the cinema on Saturday, Thomas ?” >>> I invited Thomas (to come) to the cinema with me on Saturday. 2. Reported Speech with Gerund *Verb + -ing form: admit: thừa nhận deny: phủ nhận stop: thôi (không làm gì nữa) suggest: đề nghị Ví dụ: - “How about spending the day at the beach ?” said mary. >>> Mary suggested spending the day at the beach. - “No, I didn’t take it! I wasn’t even there!” said Jerry. >>> Jerry denied taking it. *Verb + preposition + -ing form apologize (to somebody) for: xin lỗi (ai vì đã làm ì) confess to: thú nhận dream of: mơ về insist on: cố nài nỉ, khăng khăng đòi look forward to: mong mỏi, háo hức trông đợi think of: nghĩ về Ví dụ: - “I’m really sorry for being so late,” said Alice. >>> Alice apologized for being late. - “I’ll definitely buy it,” said Peter. >>> Peter ínisted on buying it. *Verb + object + preposition + -ing form: accuse (somebody of doing something): buộc tội congratulate (somebody on dong something): chúc mừng prevent (somebody from doing something): ngăn chặn, ngăn ngừa thank (somebody for doing somethng): cám ơn warn (somebody againts doing something): nhắc chừng, khuyến cáo criticize (somebody for (not) doing something): phê phán, chỉ trích Ví dụ: - “Well done, Tim, you’ve passsed the exam!” >>> I congeatulated Tim on passing the / his exam. - “You were cheating,” said Carol to June. >>> Carol accused June of cheating.
Posted on: Mon, 27 Oct 2014 16:14:12 +0000
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