MAKE IN INDIA...... Some of the ancient Indian discoveries that changed the world Iron working: Iron works were developed in the Vedic period of India, in the period between 1800 BCE—1200 BCE Zinc mining and medicinal zinc: Zinc was first smelted from zinc ore in India. There are references of medicinal uses of zinc in the Charaka Samhita (300 BCE). The Rasaratna Samuccaya which dates back to the Tantric period ( 5th - 13th century CE) explains the existence of two types of ores for zinc metal, one of which is ideal for metal extraction while the other is used for medicinal purpose. Diamond mining and diamond tools: Diamonds were first recognized and mined in central India, estimated to be at least 5,000 years ago. India remained the worlds only source of diamonds until the discovery of diamonds in Brazil in the 18th century Lithiasis treatment: The earliest operation for treating lithiasis, or the formations of stones in the body, is also given in the Sushruta Samhita (6th century BCE) Plastic surgery: Plastic surgery was being carried out in India by 2000 BCE Cure for Leprosy: Kearns & Nash (2008) state that the first mention of leprosy is described in the Indian medical treatise Sushruta Samhita (6th century BCE). Cataract surgery: Cataract surgery was known to the Indian physician Sushruta (6th century BCE). In India, cataract surgery was performed with a special tool called the Jabamukhi Salaka, a curved needle used to loosen the lens and push the cataract out of the field of vision Ayurvedic and Siddha medicine: Ayurveda and Siddha are ancient and traditional systems of medicine. Ayurveda dates back to Iron Age India (1st millennium BC) and still practiced today as a form of complementary and alternative medicine. It means knowledge for longevity Trigonometric functions (adapted from Greek): The trigonometric functions sine and versine originated in Indian astronomy, adapted from the full-chord Greek versions (to the modern half-chord versions). They were described in detail by Aryabhata in the late 5th century, but were likely developed earlier in the Siddhantas, astronomical treatises of the 3rd or 4th century. Later, the 6th-century astronomer Varahamihira discovered a few basic trigonometric formulas and identities, such as sin^2(x) + cos^2(x) = 1 Sign convention: Symbols, signs and mathematical notation were employed in an early form in India by the 6th century when the mathematician-astronomer Aryabhata recommended the use of letters to represent unknown quantities. Pells equation: About a thousand years before Pells time, Indian scholar Brahmagupta 598–668 CE) was able to find integral solutions to vargaprakṛiti (Pells equation): X2 - NY2 = 1 N is a nonsquare integer, in his Brâhma-sphuṭa-siddhânta treatise. Pascals triangle: Described in the 6th century CE by Varahamihira Madhava series: The infinite series for π and for the trigonometric sine, cosine, and arctangent is now attributed to Madhava of Sangamagrama (c. 1340–1425) and his Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics. Zero, symbol: Indians were the first to use the zero as a symbol and in arithmetic operations, although Babylonians used zero to signify the absent Fibonacci numbers: This sequence was first described by Virahanka (c. 700 AD), Hindu number system: With decimal place-value and a symbol for zero, this system was the ancestor of the widely used Arabic numeral system. It was developed in the Indian subcontinent between the 1st and 6th centuries CE. Chakravala method: The Chakravala method, a cyclic algorithm to solve indeterminate quadratic equations is commonly attributed to Bhāskara II, ( 1114–1185 CE) Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity, Brahmagupta formula, Brahmagupta matrix, and Brahmagupta theorem: Discovered by the Indian mathematician, Brahmagupta (598–668 CE) Algebraic abbreviations: The mathematician Brahmagupta had begun using abbreviations for unknowns by the 7th century Finite Difference Interpolation: The Indian mathematician Brahmagupta presented what is possibly the first instance of finite difference interpolation around 665 CE Sugar refinement: The process of producing crystallized sugar from sugarcane was discovered by the time of the Imperial Guptas, Jute cultivation: Jute has been cultivated in India since ancient time Cotton cultivation: Cotton was cultivated by the inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization by the 5th millennium BCE - 4th millennium BCE Cashmere wool: The fiber is also known as pashm or pashmina for its use in the handmade shawls of Kashmir, India.[89] The woolen shawls made from wool in Kashmir region of India find written mention between the 3rd century BCE and the 11th century CE.[ Button: Ornamental buttons—made from seashell—were used in the Indus Valley Civilization for ornamental purposes by 2000 BCE. Carbon pigment: The source of the carbon pigment used in India ink was India. Calico: Calico had originated in the subcontinent by the 11th century and found mention in Indian literature, Carding devices: Historian of science Joseph Needham ascribes the invention of bow-instruments used in textile technology to India. The earliest evidence for using bow-instruments for carding comes from India (2nd century CE) Chaturanga: The precursor of chess originated in India during the Gupta dynasty (c. 280-550 CE) Crucible steel: Perhaps as early as 300 BCE—although certainly by 200 CE—high quality steel was being produced in southern India also by what Europeans would later call the crucible technique. Cotton being dyed manually in contemporary India. Incense clock: Although popularly associated with China the incense clock is believed to have originated in India, Kabaddi: The game of kabaddi originated in India during prehistory.[47] Suggestions on how it evolved into the modern form range from wrestling exercises, military drills, and collective self-defense but most authorities agree that the game existed in some form or the other in India during the period between 1500 and 400 BCE. Prayer flags: The Buddhist sūtras, written on cloth in India, This knowledge was carried into Tibet by 800 CE, and the actual flags were introduced no later than 1040 CE, where they were further modified. The Indian monk Atisha (980-1054 CE) introduced the Indian practice of printing on cloth prayer flags to Tibet Prefabricated home and movable structure: The first prefabricated homes and movable structures were invented in 16th-century Mughal India by Akbar. Ruler: Rulers made from Ivory were in use by the Indus Valley Civilization in what today is Pakistan and some parts of Western India prior to 1500 BCE Seamless celestial globe: Considered one of the most remarkable feats in metallurgy, it was invented in Kashmir by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in between 1589 and 1590 CE, Shampoo: The word shampoo in English is derived from Hindustani chāmpo (चाँपो [tʃãːpoː]), and dates to 1762. The shampoo itself originated in the eastern regions of the Mughal Empire that ruled erstwhile India, particularly in the Nawab of Bengal where it was introduced as a head massage, usually consisting of alkali, natural oils and fragrances. Single roller cotton gin: The Ajanta caves of India yield evidence of a single roller cotton gin in use by the 5th century. Stepwell: Earliest clear evidence of the origins of the stepwell is found in the Indus Valley Civilizations archaeological site at Mohenjodaro in Pakistan. The three features of stepwells in the subcontinent are evident from one particular site, abandoned by 2500 BCE, Stupa: The origin of the stupa can be traced to 3rd-century BCE India. Suits game: Kridapatram is an early suits game, made of painted rags, invented in Ancient India. Toe stirrup: The earliest known manifestation of the stirrup, which was a toe loop that held the big toe was used in India in as early as 500 BCE or perhaps by 200 BCE according to other sources Wootz steel: Wootz originated in India before the beginning of the common era.
Posted on: Mon, 12 Jan 2015 18:10:36 +0000
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