Mohorovičić Discontinuity - The Moho What is the Mohorovičić Discontinuity? The Mohorovicic Discontinuity, or Moho, is the boundary between the crust and the mantle. The red line in the drawing at right shows its location. In geology the word discontinuity is used for a surface at which seismic waves change velocity. One of these surfaces exists at an average depth of 8 kilometers beneath the ocean basin and at an average depth of about 32 kilometers beneath the continents. At this discontinuity, seismic waves accelerate. This surface is known as the Mohorovicic Discontinuity or often simply referred to as the Moho. How Was the Moho Discovered? The Mohorovicic Discontinuity was discovered in 1909 by Andrija Mohorovicic , a Croatian seismologist. Mohorovicic realized that the velocity of a seismic wave is related to the density of the material that it is moving through. He interpreted the acceleration of seismic waves observed within Earths outer shell as a compositional change within the earth. The acceleration must be caused by a higher density material being present at depth. The lower density material immediately beneath the surface is now commonly referred to as Earths crust. The higher density below the crust became known as Earths mantle. Through careful density calculations Mohorovicic determined that the basaltic oceanic crust and the granitic continental crust are underlain by a material which has a density similar to an olivine-rich rock such as peridotite. How Deep is the Moho? The Mohorovicic Discontinuity marks the lower limit of Earths crust. As stated above it occurs at anaveragedepth of about 8 kilometers beneath the ocean basins and 32 kilometers beneath continental surfaces. Mohorovičić was able to use his discovery to study thickness variations of the crust. He discovered that the oceanic crust has a relatively uniform thickness while continental crust is thickest under mountain ranges and thinner under plains. The map below illustrates the thickness of Earths crust. Note how the thickest areas (red and dark brown) are beneath some of Earths important mountain ranges such as: Andes (west side of South America), Rockies (Western North America), Himalayas (north of India in South-central Asia) and Urals (north-south trending between Europe and Asia) Has Anyone Ever Seen the Moho? No one has ever been deep enough into the earth to see the Moho and no wells have ever been drilled deep enough to penetrate it. Drilling wells to that depth is very expensive and very difficult because of the extreme temperature and pressure conditions. The deepest well that has been drilled to date was located on the Kola Peninsula of the Soviet Union. It was drilled to a depth of about 12 kilometers. Drilling to the Moho through oceanic crust has also been unsuccessful. There are a few rare locations where mantle material has been brought to the surface by tectonic forces. At these locations, rock that used to be at the crust - mantle boundary is present. A photo of rock from one of these locations is shown at right. Contributor: Hobart King
Posted on: Sun, 28 Sep 2014 16:47:11 +0000
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