NEO MACHIAVELLIAN USE OF DECEPTION AND FORCE TO EXPAND THE POWER OF THE STRONGEST CORPORATIONS AND STATES OUTWARDS. Emigration to Switzerland and military service Mussolinis booking photograph following his arrest by Swiss police, 1903 In 1902, Mussolini emigrated to Switzerland, partly to avoid military service.[8] He worked briefly as a stonemason in Geneva, Fribourg and Bern, but was unable to find a permanent job. During this time he studied the ideas of the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, the sociologist Vilfredo Pareto, and the syndicalist Georges Sorel. Mussolini also later credited the Marxist Charles Péguy and the syndicalist Hubert Lagardelle as some of his influences.[15] Sorels emphasis on the need for overthrowing decadent liberal democracy and capitalism by the use of violence, direct action, the general strike, and the use of neo-Machiavellian appeals to emotion, impressed Mussolini deeply.[8] Mussolini became active in the Italian socialist movement in Switzerland, working for the paper LAvvenire del Lavoratore, organizing meetings, giving speeches to workers and serving as secretary of the Italian workers union in Lausanne.[16] In 1903, he was arrested by the Bernese police because of his advocacy of a violent general strike, spent two weeks in jail, was deported to Italy, set free there, and returned to Switzerland.[17] In 1904, after having been arrested again in Geneva and expelled for falsifying his papers, he returned to Lausanne, where he attended the University of Lausannes Department of Social Science, following the lessons of Vilfredo Pareto.[18] In December 1904, he returned to Italy to take advantage of an amnesty for desertion, for which he had been convicted in absentia.[19] Since condition for being pardoned was serving in the army, on 30 December 1904, he joined the corps of the Bersaglieri in Forlì.[20] After serving for two years in the military (from January 1905 until September 1906), he returned to teaching.[21
Posted on: Sat, 19 Jul 2014 09:36:56 +0000
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