Nemesis ,Vulcan and perhaps other bodies we are not aware of and earths second moon ,,yes really, smaller and hardly visible. 29 October 2012 at 18:40 THE NAME CHANGE GAME TO CONFUSE AND MISLEAD ? ALSO :list of dead astronomers associated with research into planet x /tyche In 1987, John Anderson at JPL examined the motions of the spacecraft Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, to see if any deflection due to unknown gravity forces could be found. None was found -- from this Anderson concluded that a tenth planet most likely exists! JPL had excluded observations of Uranus prior to 1910 in their ephemerides, while Anderson had confidence in the earlier observations as well. Anderson concluded that the tenth planet must have a highly elliptical orbit, carrying it far away to be undetectable now but periodically bringing it close enough to leave its disturbing signature on the paths of the outer planets. He suggests a mass of five Earth masses, an orbital period of about 700-1000 years, and a highly inclined orbit. Its perturbations on the outer planets wont be detected again until 2600. Anderson hoped that the two Voyagers would help to pin down the location of this planet. A dwarf planet is “a celestial body in direct orbit of the Sun that is massive enough for its shape to be controlled by gravitation, but that unlike a planet has not cleared its orbital region of other objects.” An asteroid, on the other hand, is a large chunk of rock that orbits around the sun. Asteroids are also known as planetoids or minor planets. The term minor planet is actually preferred in some scientific communities. However, according to the IAU, an asteroid is categorized as a small Solar System body, unless it meets the requirements to be a dwarf planet. There are effectively millions of asteroids. Most asteroids in our solar system are part of the asteroid belt located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The asteroid belt consists of tens of thousands asteroids. They are generally rocks that have a high metallic content but no atmosphere. The size of an asteroid can range anywhere between a few meters wide and hundreds of km wide. They are smaller than planets but like planets some even have their own moons. As per the IAUs final Resolution 5A, planets and other bodies, except satellites, in our Solar System can be defined into three distinct categories: A planet is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (c) has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit. A dwarf planet is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, (c) has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit, and (d) is not a satellite. All other objects, except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as Small Solar System Bodies. The need for this three-way categorization arose as more and more trans-Neptunian objects were discovered. These trans-Neptunian objects, i.e. objects located further than Neptune, were equal to or even bigger than the size of Pluto. Furthermore, it was discovered than Pluto was actually roughly one-twentieth the mass of Mercury, or one-fifth as massive as Earths Moon. In addition, it was discovered that Pluto has some unusual characteristics such as large orbital eccentricity and a high orbital inclination. Hence, it was completely different than the other planets. According to the previous categorization, all of the newly discovered trans-Neptunian objects would also be classified as planets, even though, like Pluto, they did not fit the traditional definition of a planet. So, the new three-way categorization model was adopted. Under this model, Pluto was demoted to a dwarf planet, while other solar object that were too big to be classified as asteroids but did not meet the requirements for a planet were also classified under dwarf planets. Currently, the IAU recognizes five dwarf planets in our Solar System: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris. However, only Ceres and Pluto have been observed in enough detail to demonstrate that they fit the definition. Hence, the other may or may not be reclassified as new information is available. It is estimated that there may be 200 dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt of the outer Solar System, and up to 10,000 in the region beyond. Hence, the main difference between a dwarf planet and an asteroid is that a dwarf planet is an asteroid that is big enough to have a gravitational force that has allowed the asteroid to compound itself to a spherical shape. If the gravitational force was strong enough to allow the asteroid to clear its orbit, in addition to shape itself, then the asteroid would be termed as a planet. Makemake (pronounced mah-kee-mah-kee) is named after the god of fertility in Rapanui mythology Hubble Space Telescope image of Makemake. Makemake appears round with rays extending out from its edges. The rays are not part of Makemake, but are the result of the telescope optics. After Eris and Pluto, Makemake is the third largest known dwarf planet. Along with fellow dwarf planets Pluto and Haumea, Makemake is located in the Kuiper Belt, a region outside the orbit of Neptune. Pluto and Makemake are the two brightest objects that have so far been discovered in the Kuiper Belt. It takes 310 Earth years for this dwarf planet to make one orbit around the Sun. Makemake was first observed in 2005 by a team of astronomers led by Michael Brown. Its codename was Easterbunny. It was officially recognized as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union in 2008. Observations have found evidence of frozen nitrogen on Makemakes surface. Frozen ethane and methane have also been detected on the surface. In fact, astronomers believe the methane may actually be present in pellets as large as one centimeter in diameter. Astronomers also found evidence of tholins. Tholins are molecules that form whenever solar ultraviolet light interacts with substances such as ethane and methane. Tholins, if present, usually cause a reddish-brown color. During observations of Makemake, a reddish color was observed. Eris is a dwarf planet that lies at the outer reaches of our solar system. It was discovered in 2005 by professional astronomers who were examining images taken at Californias Palomar Observatory two years previously. As a dwarf planet, it fulfills most of the criteria for being a planet with the exception that it doesnt have the gravitational pull, because of its size, to clear space surrounding it of other celestial bodies. It was previously known as UBU 313 and nicknamed Xena before it was given its current name. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) is responsible for naming and classifying planets. Eris has a diameter of 2400km, which is slightly larger than Plutos. In comparison, the Earths diameter is 12,742km. Neither planets nor dwarf planets are perfect spheres, so this isnt the ideal way to measure their size but it is a reliable indicator. It takes Eris almost 557 years to orbit the Sun and it lies 97 times further out from the Sun than the Earth (defined as 97astronomical units - 97 AU) when at its furthest. It has a highly unusual, eccentric orbit, which means that at its closest Eris is only 38 AU from the Sun. So at some times it is closer to us (and the Sun) than Pluto is. Because it is so distant from us, we cannot observe Eris with the naked eye or even binoculars in the same way as you can planets such as Mars or Jupiter. Youll need a very powerful telescope and plenty of amateur astronomy experience to view it, so dont expect it to be featured in our sky guide any time soon! Dysnomia is a small moon of Eris that takes around two weeks to orbit its parent dwarf planet. Its about 8 times smaller than Eris. Astronomers are currently studying the relationship between Dysnomia and Eris. A better understanding of how they interact will enable them to pinpoint the mass of both the dwarf planet and the moon. When its diameter was established (through observation in 2005) a conundrum arose for astronomers all over the world. Was it the tenth planet? If not, then what justification was there for Pluto retaining its planetary status aside from the fact ordinary people regard it as a planet? It was decided by the IAU in 2006 to reclassify both Pluto and Eris as dwarf planets. This decision was controversial but will keep the number of full planets steady should we discover any more large but distant solar system bodies in the future. VALID QUESTIONS I FEEL : MY QUESTION IS TRUTHS ABOUT CHIRON BEING WITHHELD ? MY QUESTION IS WHAT THE REAL ORBIT AND IS THE NAME CHANGED ? Chiron was first announced as a tenth planet, but was immediately designated as an asteroid. But Kowal suspected it may be very comet-like, and later it has even developed a short cometary tail! In 1995 Chiron was also classified as a comet - it is certainly the largest comet we know about. In 1992 an even more distant asteroid was found: Pholus. Later in 1992 an asteroid outside Plutos orbit was found, followed by five additional trans-Plutonian asteroids in 1993 and at least a dozen in 1994! vulcan In 1860 there was a total eclipse of the Sun. Le Verrier mobilized all French and some other astronomers to find Vulcan - nobody did. Wolfs suspicious sunspots now revived Le Verriers interest, and just before Le Verriers death in 1877 some more evidence found its way into print. On April 4 1875, a German astronomer, H. Weber, saw a round spot on the Sun. Le Verriers orbit indicated a possible transit at April 3 that year, and Wolf noticed that his 38-day orbit also could have performed a transit at about that time. That round dot was also photographed at Greenwich and in Madrid. There was one more flurry after the total solar eclipse at July 29 1878, where two observers claimed to have seen in the vicinity of the Sun small illuminated disks which could only be small planets inside Mercurys orbit: J.C Watson (professor of astronomy at the Univ. of Michigan) believed hed found TWO intra-Mercurial planets! Lewis Swift (co-discoverer of Comet Swift-Tuttle, which returned 1992), also saw a star he believed to be Vulcan -- but at a different position than either of Watsons two intra-Mercurials. In addition, neither Watsons nor Swifts Vulcans could be reconciled with Le Verriers or Lescarbaults Vulcan. In 1900 Hans-Emil Lau, Copenhagen, published elements of two trans-Neptunian planets at 46.6 and 70.7 a.u. distance, with masses of 9 and 47.2 times the Earth, and a magnitude for the nearer planet around 10-11. The 1900 longitudes of those hypothetical bodies were 274 and 343 degrees, both with the very large uncertainty of 180 degrees. In 1901, Gabriel Dallet deduced a hypothetical planet at 47 a.u. with a magnitude of 9.5-10.5 and a 1900 longitude of 358 degrees. The same year Theodor Grigull derived a longitude of a trans-Neptunian planet less than 6 degrees away from Dallets planet, and later brought the difference down to 2.5 degrees. This planet was supposed to be 50.6 a.u. distant. In 1904, Thomas Jefferson Jackson See suggested three trans-Neptunian planets, at 42.25, 56 and 72 a.u. The inner planet had a period of 272.2 years and a longitude in 1904 of 200 degrees. A Russian general named Alexander Garnowsky suggested four hypothetical planets but failed to supply any details about them. The two most carefully worked out predictions for the Trans-Neptune were both of American origin: Pickerings A search for a planet beyond Neptune (Annals Astron. Obs. Harvard Coll, vol LXI part II 1909), and Percival Lowells Memoir on a trans-Neptunian planet (Lynn, Mass 1915). They were concerned with the same subject but used different approaches and arrived at different results. Pickering used a graphical analysis and suggested a Planet O at 51.9 a.u. with a period of 373.5 years, a mass twice the Earths and a magnitude of 11.5- 14. Pickering suggested eight other trans-Neptunian planets during the forthcoming 24 years. Pickerings results caused Gaillot to revise the distances of his two trans-Neptunians to 44 and 66 a.u., and he gave them masses of 5 and 24 Earth masses. All in all, from 1908 to 1932, Pickering proposed seven hypothetical planets -- O, P, Q, R, S, T and U. His final elements for O and P define completely different bodies than the original ones, so the total can be set at nine, certainly the record for planetary prognostication. Most of Pickerings predictions are only of passing interest as curiosities. In 1911 Pickering suggested that planet Q had a mass of 20,000 Earths, making it 63 times more massive than Jupiter or about 1/6 the Suns mass, close to a star of minimal mass. Pickering said planet Q had a highly elliptical orbit. In later years only planet P seriously occupied his attention. In 1928 he reduced the distance of P from 123 to 67.7 a.u., and its period from 1400 to 556.6 years. He gave P a mass of 20 Earth masses and a magnitude of 11. In 1931, after the discovery of Pluto, he issued another elliptical orbit for P: distance 75.5 a.u., period 656 years, mass 50 Earth masses, eccentricity 0.265, inclination 37 degrees, close to the values given for the 1911 orbit. His Planet S, proposed in 1928 and given elements in 1931, was put at 48.3 a.u. distance (close to Lowells Planet X at 47.5 a.u.), period 336 years, mass 5 Earths, magnitude 15. In 1929 Pickering proposed planet U, distance 5.79 a.u., period 13.93 years, i.e. barely outside Jupiters orbit. Its mass was 0.045 Earth masses, eccentricity 0.26. The least of Pickerings planets is planet T, suggested in 1931: distance 32.8 a.u., period 188 years. The naming of Pluto is a story by itself. Early suggestions of the name of the new planet were: Atlas, Zymal, Artemis, Perseus, Vulcan, Tantalus, Idana, Cronus. The New York Times suggested Minerva, reporters suggested Osiris, Bacchus, Apollo, Erebus. Lowells widow suggested Zeus, but later changed her mind to Constance. Many people suggested the planet be named Lowell. The staff of the Flagstaff observatory, where Pluto was discovered, suggested Cronus, Minerva, and Pluto. A few months later the planet was officially named Pluto. The name Pluto was originally suggested by Venetia Burney, an 11-year-old schoolgirl in Oxford, England. The very first orbit computed for Pluto yielded an eccentricity of 0.909 and a period of 3000 years! This cast some doubt whether it was a planet or not. However, a few months later, considerably better orbital elements for Pluto were obtained. Tombaugh concluded that no unknown planet brighter than magnitude 16.5 did exist -- only a planet in an almost polar orbit and situated near the south celestial pole could have escaped his detection. He could have picked up a Neptune-sized planet at seven times the distance of Pluto, or a Pluto-sized planet out to 60 a.u. nineplanets.org/hypo.html#vulcan Nemesis This hypothetical death companion of the Sun was suggested in 1985 by Daniel P. Whitmire and John J. Matese, Univ of Southern Louisiana. It has even received a name: Nemesis. One awkward fact of the Nemesis hypothesis is that there is no evidence whatever of a companion star of the Sun. It need not be very bright or very massive, a star much smaller and dimmer than the Sun would suffice, even a brown or a black dwarf (a planet-like body insufficiently massive to start burning hydrogen like a star). It is possible that this star already exists in one of the catalogues of dim stars without anyone having noted something peculiar, namely the enormous apparent motion of that star against the background of more distant stars (i.e. its parallax). If it should be found, few will doubt that it is the primary cause of periodic mass extinctions on Earth. But this is also a notion of mythical power. If an anthropologist of a previous generation had heard such a story from his informants, the resulting scholarly tome would doubtless use words like primitive or pre-scientific. Consider this story: There is another Sun in the sky, a Demon Sun we cannot see. Long ago, even before great grandmothers time, the Demon Sun attacked our Sun. Comets fell, and a terrible winter overtook the Earth. Almost all life was destroyed. The Demon Sun has attacked many times before. It will attack again. This is why some scientists thought this Nemesis theory was a joke when they first heard of it -- an invisible Sun attacking the Earth with comets sounds like delusion or myth. It deserves an additional dollop of skepticism for that reason: we are always in danger of deceiving ourselves. But even if the theory is speculative, its serious and respectable, because its main idea is testable: you find the star and examine its properties. nineplanets.org/hypo.html#nemesis Norse saga, Heavy snows are driven and fall from the world�s four corners; the murder frost prevails. The Sun is darkened at noon; it sheds no gladness; devouring tempests bellow and never end. In vain do men await the coming of summer. Thrice winter follows winter over a world which is snow-smitten, frost-fettered, and chained in ice. �Fimbul Winter from Norse saga, Twilight of the Gods lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/extinctions-nemesis.html EARTHS SECOND MOONS dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2121534/Earth-second-moon-Scientists-reveal-planet-usually-minimoon-orbit.html minor planet It has been incorrectly called Earths second moon[2]. Cruithne does not orbit Earth en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3753_Cruithne en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_moons_of_Earth The Earths Second Moon, 1846-present In 1846, Frederic Petit, director of the observatory of Toulouse, stated that a second moon of the Earth had been discovered. It had been seen by two observers, Lebon and Dassier, at Toulouse and by a third, Lariviere, at Artenac, during the early evening of March 21 1846. Petit found that the orbit was elliptical, with a period of 2 hours 44 minutes 59 seconds, an apogee at 3570 km above the Earths surface and perigee at just 11.4 km (!) above the Earths surface. Le Verrier, who was in the audience, grumbled that one needed to take air resistance into account, something nobody could do at that time. Petit became obsessed with this idea of a second moon, and 15 years later announced that he had made calculations about a small moon of Earth which caused some then-unexplained peculiarities in the motion of our main Moon. Astronomers generally ignored this, and the idea would have been forgotten if not a young French writer, Jules Verne, had not read an abstract. In Vernes novel From the Earth to the Moon, Verne lets a small object pass close to the travellers space capsule, causing it to travel around the Moon instead of smashing into it: It is, said Barbicane, a simple meteorite but an enormous one, retained as a satellite by the attraction of the Earth. Is that possible?, exclaimed Michel Ardan, the earth has two moons? Yes, my friend, it has two moons, although it is usually believed to have only one. But this second moon is so small and its velocity is so great that the inhabitants of Earth cannot see it. It was by noticing disturbances that a French astronomer, Monsieur Petit, could determine the existence of this second moon and calculated its orbit. According to him a complete revolution around the Earth takes three hours and twenty minutes. . . . Do all astronomers admit the the existence of this satellite?, asked Nicholl No, replied Barbicane, but if, like us, they had met it they could no longer doubt it. . . . But this gives us a means of determining our position in space . . . its distance is known and we were, therefore, 7480 km above the surface of the globe where we met it. Jules Verne was read by millions of people, but not until 1942 did anybody notice the discrepancies in Vernes text: A satellite 7480 km above the Earths surface would have a period of 4 hours 48 minutes, not 3 hours 20 minutes. Since it was seen from the window from which the Moon was invisible, while both were approaching, it must be in retrograde motion, which would be worth remarking. Verne doesnt mention this. In any case the satellite would be in eclipse and thus be invisible. The projectile doesnt leave the Earths shadow until much later. Dr. R.S. Richardson, Mount Wilson Observatory, tried in 1952 to make the figures fit by assuming an eccentric orbit of this moon: perigee 5010 km and apogee 7480 km above Earths surface, eccentricity 0.1784. Nevertheless, Jules Verne made Petits second moon known all over the world. Amateur astronomers jumped to the conclusion that here was opportunity for fame -- anybody discovering this second moon would have his name inscribed in the annals of science. No major observatory ever checked the problem of the Earths second moon, or if they did they kept quiet. German amateurs were chasing what they called Kleinchen (little bit) -- of course they never found Kleinchen. W. H. Pickering devoted his attention to the theory of the subject: if the satellite orbited 320 km above the surface and if its diameter was 0.3 meters, with the same reflecting power as the Moon, it should be visible in a 3-inch telescope. A 3 meter satellite would be a unaided-eye object of magnitude 5. Though Pickering did not look for the Petit object, he did carry on a search for a secondary moon -- a satellite of our Moon (On a photographic search for a satellite of the Moon, Popular Astronomy, 1903). The result was negative and Pickering concluded that any satellite of our Moon must be smaller than about 3 meters. Pickerings article on the possibility of a tiny second moon of Earth, A Meteoritic Satellite, appeared in Popular Astronomy in 1922 and caused another short flurry among amateur astronomers, since it contained a virtual request: A 3-5-inch telescope with a low-power eyepiece would be the likeliest mean to find it. It is an opportunity for the amateur. But again, all searches remained fruitless. The original idea was that the gravitational field of the second moon should account for the then inexplicable minor deviations of the motion of our big Moon. That meant an object at least several miles large -- but if such a large second moon really existed, it would have been seen by the Babylonians. Even if it was too small to show a disk, its comparative nearness would have made it move fast and therefore be conspicuous, as todays watchers of artificial satellites and even airplanes know. On the other hand, nobody was much interested in moonlets too small to be seen. There have been other proposals for additional natural satellites of the Earth. In 1898 Dr Georg Waltemath from Hamburg claimed to have discovered not only a second moon but a whole system of midget moons. Waltemath gave orbital elements for one of these moons: distance from Earth 1.03 million km, diameter 700 km, orbital period 119 days, synodic period 177 days. Sometimes, says Waltemath, it shines at night like the Sun and he thinks this moon was seen in Greenland on 24 October 1881 by Lieut Greely, ten days after the Sun had set for the winter. Public interest was aroused when Waltemath predicted his second moon would pass in front of the Sun on the 2nd, 3rd or 4th of February 1898. On the 4th February, 12 persons at the post office of Greifswald (Herr Postdirektor Ziegel, members of his family, and postal employees) observed the Sun with their unaided eye, without protection of the glare. It is easy to imagine a faintly preposterous scene: an imposing-looking Prussian civil servant pointing skyward through his office window, while he reads Waltemaths prediction aloud to a knot of respectful subordinates. On being interviewed, these witnesses spoke of a dark object having one fifth the Suns apparent diameter, and which took from 1:10 to 2:10 Berlin time to traverse the solar disk. It was soon proven to be a mistake, because during that very hour the Sun was being scrutinized by two experienced astronomers, W. Winkler in Jena and Baron Ivo von Benko from Pola, Austria. They both reported that only a few ordinary sunspots were on the disk. The failure of this and later forecasts did not discourage Waltemath, who continued to issue predictions and ask for verifications. Contemporary astronomers were pretty irritated over and over again having to answer questions from the public like Oh, by the way, what about all these new moons?. But astrologers caught on -- in 1918 the astrologer Sepharial named this moon Lilith. He considered it to be black enough to be invisible most of the time, being visible only close to opposition or when in transit across the solar disk. Sepharial constructed an ephemeris of Lilith, based on several of Waltemaths claimed observations. He considered Lilith to have about the same mass as the Moon, apparently happily unaware that any such satellite would, even if invisible, show its existence by perturbing the motion of the Earth. And even to this day, the dark moon Lilith is used by some astrologers in their horoscopes. From time to time other additional moons were reported from observers. The German astronomical magazine Die Sterne reported that a German amateur astronomer named W. Spill had observed a second moon cross our first moons disc on May 24, 1926. The 14th Moon of Jupiter, 1975-1980 In 1975, Charles Kowal at Palomar (discoverer of Comet 95 P/Chiron) photographed an object thought to be a new satellite of Jupiter. It was seen several times, but not enough to determine an orbit, then lost. It used to show up as a footnote in texts of the late 70s. And then in 2000 it was found again by S. S. Sheppard et al! Saturns Ninth and Tenth Moons, 1861, 1905-1960, 1966-1980 In April 1861 Hermann Goldschmidt announced the discovery of a 9th moon of Saturn, which orbited the planet between Titan and Hyperion. He named that moon Chiron (!). However the discovery was never confirmed -- nobody else ever saw this satellite Chiron. Later, Pickering discovered whats now considered Saturns 9th moon, Phoebe, in 1898. This was the first time a satellite of another planet was discovered by photographical observations. Phoebe is also Saturns outermost moon. In 1905, Pickering though he had discovered a tenth moon, which he named Themis. According to Pickering, it orbited Saturn between the orbits of Titan and Hyperion in a highly inclined orbit: mean distance from Saturn 1,460,000 km, orbital period 20.85 days, eccentricity 0.23, inclination 39 degrees. Themis was never seen again, but nevertheless appeared in almanacs and astronomy books well into the 1950s and 1960s. In 1966, A. Dollfus discovered another new moon of Saturn. It was named Janus, and orbited Saturn just outside its rings. It was so faint and close to the rings that the only chance to see it was when the rings of Saturn were seen from the edge, as happened in 1966. Now Janus was Saturns tenth moon. In 1980, when Saturns rings again were seen edgewise, a flurry of observations discovered a lot of new satellites close to the rings of Saturn. Close to Janus another satellite was discovered, named Epimetheus. Their orbits are very close to each other, and the most interesting aspect of this satellite pair is that they regularly switch orbits with each other! It turned out that the Janus discovered in 1966 really were observations of both of these co-orbital satellites. Thus the tenth moon of Saturn discovered in 1966 really turned out to be two different moons! The spacecraft Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, which travelled past Saturn shortly afterwards, confirmed this. Six Moons of Uranus, 1787 In 1787, William Herschel announced the discovery of six satellites of Uranus. Herschel here made a mistake -- only two of his six satellites were real (Titania andOberon, the largest and outermost two satellites), the remaining four were just stars which happened to be nearby (...I think Ive heard this story before.... :-) Planet X, 1841-1992 In 1841, John Couch Adams began investigating the by then quite large residuals in the motion of Uranus. In 1845, Urbain Le Verrier started to investigate them, too. Adams presented two different solutions to the problem, assuming that the deviations were caused by the gravitation from an unknown planet. Adams tried to present his solutions to the Greenwich observatory, but since he was young and unknown, he wasnt taken seriously. Urbain Le Verrier presented his solution in 1846, but France lacked the necessary resources to locate the planet. Le Verrier then instead turned to the Berlin observatory, where Galle and his assistant dArrestfound Neptune on the evening of Sept 23, 1846. Nowadays, both Adams and Le Verrier share the credit of having predicted the existence and position of Neptune. Inspired by this success, Le Verrier attacked the problem of the deviations of Mercurys orbit, and suggested the existence of an intra-mercurial planet, Vulcan, which later turned out to be non-existent.) On 30 Sept 1846, one week after the discovery of Neptune, Le Verrier declared that there may be still another unknown planet out there. On October 10, Neptunes large moon Triton was discovered, which yielded an easy way to determine accurately the mass of Neptune, which turned out to be 2% larger than expected from the perturbations upon Uranus. It seemed as if the deviations in Uranus motion really was caused by two planets -- in addition the real orbit of Neptune turned out to be significantly different from the orbits predicted by both Adams and Le Verrier. In 1850 Ferguson was observing the motion of the minor planet Hygeia. One reader of Fergusons report was Hind, who checked the reference stars used by Ferguson. Hind was unable to find one of Fergusons reference stars. Maury, at the Naval Observatory, was also unable to find that star. During a few years it was believed that this was an observation of yet another planet, but in 1879 another explanation was offered: Ferguson had made a mistake when recording his observation -- when that mistake was corrected, another star nicely fit his missing reference star. The first serious attempt to find a trans-Neptunian planet was done in 1877 by David Todd. He used a graphical method, and despite the inconclusivenesses of the residuals of Uranus, he derived elements for a trans-Neptunian planet: mean distance 52 a.u., period 375 years, magnitude fainter than 13. Its longitude for 1877.84 was given 170 degrees with an uncertainty of 10 degrees. The inclination was 1.40 degrees and the longitude of the ascending node 103 degrees. In 1879, Camille Flammarion added another hint as to the existence of a planet beyond Neptune: the aphelia of periodic comets tend to cluster around the orbits of major planets. Jupiter has the greatest share of such comets, and Saturn, Uranus and Neptune also have a few each. Flammarion found two comets, 1862 III with a period of 120 years and aphelion at 47.6 a.u., and 1889 II, with a somewhat longer period and aphelion at 49.8 a.u. Flammarion suggested that the hypothetical planet probably moved at 45 a.u. One year later, in 1880, professor Forbes published a memoir concerning the aphelia of comets and their association with planetary orbits. By about 1900 five comets were known with aphelia outside Neptunes orbit, and then Forbes suggested one trans-Neptunian moved at a distance of about 100 a.u., and another one at 300 a.u., with periods of 1000 and 5000 years. During the next five years, several astronomers/mathematicians published their own ideas of what might be found in the outer parts of the solar system. Gaillot at Paris Observatory assumed two trans-Neptunian planets at 45 and 60 a.u. Thomas Jefferson Jackson See predicted three trans-Neptunian planets: Oceanus at 41.25 a.u. and period 272 years, trans-Oceanus at 56 a.u. and period 420 years, and finally another one at 72 a.u. and period 610 years. Dr Theodor Grigull of Munster, Germany, assumed in 1902 a Uranus-sized planet at 50 a.u. and period 360 years, which he called Hades. Grigull based his work mainly on the orbits of comets with aphelia beyond Neptunes orbit, with a cross check whether the gravitational pull of such a body would produce the observed deviations in Uranus motion. In 1921 Grigull revised the orbital period of Hades to 310-330 years, to better fit the observed deviations. In 1900 Hans-Emil Lau, Copenhagen, published elements of two trans-Neptunian planets at 46.6 and 70.7 a.u. distance, with masses of 9 and 47.2 times the Earth, and a magnitude for the nearer planet around 10-11. The 1900 longitudes of those hypothetical bodies were 274 and 343 degrees, both with the very large uncertainty of 180 degrees. In 1901, Gabriel Dallet deduced a hypothetical planet at 47 a.u. with a magnitude of 9.5-10.5 and a 1900 longitude of 358 degrees. The same year Theodor Grigull derived a longitude of a trans-Neptunian planet less than 6 degrees away from Dallets planet, and later brought the difference down to 2.5 degrees. This planet was supposed to be 50.6 a.u. distant. In 1904, Thomas Jefferson Jackson See suggested three trans-Neptunian planets, at 42.25, 56 and 72 a.u. The inner planet had a period of 272.2 years and a longitude in 1904 of 200 degrees. A Russian general named Alexander Garnowsky suggested four hypothetical planets but failed to supply any details about them. The two most carefully worked out predictions for the Trans-Neptune were both of American origin: Pickerings A search for a planet beyond Neptune (Annals Astron. Obs. Harvard Coll, vol LXI part II 1909), and Percival Lowells Memoir on a trans-Neptunian planet (Lynn, Mass 1915). They were concerned with the same subject but used different approaches and arrived at different results. Pickering used a graphical analysis and suggested a Planet O at 51.9 a.u. with a period of 373.5 years, a mass twice the Earths and a magnitude of 11.5-14. Pickering suggested eight other trans-Neptunian planets during the forthcoming 24 years. Pickerings results caused Gaillot to revise the distances of his two trans-Neptunians to 44 and 66 a.u., and he gave them masses of 5 and 24 Earth masses. All in all, from 1908 to 1932, Pickering proposed seven hypothetical planets -- O, P, Q, R, S, T and U. His final elements for O and P define completely different bodies than the original ones, so the total can be set at nine, certainly the record for planetary prognostication. Most of Pickerings predictions are only of passing interest as curiosities. In 1911 Pickering suggested that planet Q had a mass of 20,000 Earths, making it 63 times more massive than Jupiter or about 1/6 the Suns mass, close to a star of minimal mass. Pickering said planet Q had a highly elliptical orbit. In later years only planet P seriously occupied his attention. In 1928 he reduced the distance of P from 123 to 67.7 a.u., and its period from 1400 to 556.6 years. He gave P a mass of 20 Earth masses and a magnitude of 11. In 1931, after the discovery of Pluto, he issued another elliptical orbit for P: distance 75.5 a.u., period 656 years, mass 50 Earth masses, eccentricity 0.265, inclination 37 degrees, close to the values given for the 1911 orbit. His Planet S, proposed in 1928 and given elements in 1931, was put at 48.3 a.u. distance (close to Lowells Planet X at 47.5 a.u.), period 336 years, mass 5 Earths, magnitude 15. In 1929 Pickering proposed planet U, distance 5.79 a.u., period 13.93 years, i.e. barely outside Jupiters orbit. Its mass was 0.045 Earth masses, eccentricity 0.26. The least of Pickerings planets is planet T, suggested in 1931: distance 32.8 a.u., period 188 years. A massive planet, still unknown to the modern astronomy, produces the perturbations which Lowell found for Uranus and those Pickering found for Neptune. We can tell it with mathematical certainty since 1978, when the astronomer James Christie (US Naval Observatory) discovered the satellite Charon and in consequence determined the mass of the Pluto-Charon system. So a huge planet remains to be found. Here is one of the images one of our Voyagers took of Nibiru … this image is from the web site of Luca Scantamburlo xa.yimg/kq/groups/31007477/homepage/name/624245? NSD42 Secret Video – Of the so far unknown planet UPDATE 1/29/13 The “Jesuit Footage” classified “Secretum Omega” More information is coming out now that practically proves that Nibiru/Planet X actually is approaching Earth. I have found another indirect reference on an Italian essay written by Lt. Col. Umberto Rapetto and by the journalist Roberto Di Nunzio: L’atlante delle spie, BUR Publisher, Milan, 2002), chapter 5 (Lo spionaggio in porpora: il Vaticano), on page 89 of the paragraph 2.3 (Le nunziature) when they talk about Robert A. Graham, a Jesuit: in the past he made an implicit remark on the existence of the Vatican Secret Service. Discredit or slow release of classified information? Barbato, according to his witness, was instructed to spread – by the media – news of vital importance to help mankind to face some events which, in the future, will involve all the creatures of the Earth. Is there any strong indirect confirmation of the “Jesuit Footage” classified “Secretum Omega”? The answer is yes: the American doctor Steven M. Greer (responsible and founder of the Center for the Study of Extraterrestrial Intelligence (CSETI) and of the Disclosure Project has recently published a book of memories: Hidden Truth – Forbidden Knowledge. At chapter 16, entitled Circles of Power – Behind UFO Secrecy, we can read: […] The discussion was about disclosing UFO information and making contact with ETs. One man, during a break, took me out onto a balcony and said: “You know, we understand you’ve had this meeting with the CIA director and are providing information to the President, but you need to know that those people don’t know anything, and they’re never going to know anything. […] And you should be talking to certain think-tanks. And you should be talking to certain religious orders and certain orders of Jesuit priests who have control over the technology transfer. - by Steven M. Greer, MD Other information from (not revealed yet) say: That A CIA/NASA insider has seen it with his own eyes through the Hubble telescope. reinep.wordpress/2012/05/09/nibiru-is-approaching/ FOLLOW LINK FOR MORE INFO ,Dr. Robert S. Harrington, the chief astronomer of the U.S. Naval Observatory, died before he could publicize the fact that Planet X is approaching our Solar System. Many feel his death part of a cove-up? One in which government agencies quickly moved to conceal the most earth-shaking discovery in history.https://facebook/photo.php?fbid=504680599561006&set=pb.100000572123584.-2207520000.1351525566&type=3&theater FOLLOW LINK FOR MORE INFO ,Dr. Robert S. Harrington, the chief astronomer of the U.S. Naval Observatory, died before he could publicize the fact that Planet X is approaching our Solar System. Many feel his death part of a cove-up? One in which government agencies quickly moved to conceal the most earth-shaking discovery in history.https://facebook/photo.php?fbid=504680599561006&set=pb.100000572123584.-2207520000.1351525566&type=3&theater DATE ON PICT ,THIS IS A LIVE CAM SHOT FROM ALASKA,I CAN BELEVE ONE IS A LENS REFLECTION BUT NOT THE ALL. DATE ON PICT ,THIS IS A LIVE CAM SHOT FROM ALASKA,I CAN BELEVE ONE IS A LENS REFLECTION BUT NOT THE ALL. 10/17/12 10/17/12 10/26/12 10/26/12 DENISE GOFORTHS PHOTO DENISE GOFORTHS PHOTO RED OBJECT ON THE HORIZON 9/19/12 RED OBJECT ON THE HORIZON 9/19/12 LIVE CAM IN NOVIA SCOTIA LIVE CAM IN NOVIA SCOTIA ANN BAKERS PHOTO 9/12 ANN BAKERS PHOTO 9/12 SWEDEN 7/9/12 OBJECT TO THE RIGHT SWEDEN 7/9/12 OBJECT TO THE RIGHT Timeline Photos By: Iubald Losan Timeline Photos By: Iubald Losan 9/2/12 BRAN NEW research notes for incoming mini solar system : names https://facebook/note.php?saved&¬e_id=512339145446121 9/2/12 BRAN NEW research notes for incoming mini solar system : names https://facebook/note.php?saved&¬e_id=512339145446121 https://facebook/photo.php?fbid=512215895474143&set=pb.100000572123584.-2207520000.1351528753&type=3&theater https://facebook/photo.php?fbid=512215895474143&set=pb.100000572123584.-2207520000.1351528753&type=3&theater list of dead astronomers associated with research into planet x /tyche By Lance Lee Osbourn in Elenin Comet (planet x)Heading For Earth And other Continued Updates (Files)· Edit Doc · Delete I WILL CONTINUE TOO ADD AS TIME ALLOWS ,HOW TRAGIC THIS ALL IS new info by terrol 03 says 66 astronomers since 97 have had died under strange circumstances youtube/watch?v=qAP84SMMy04&feature=em-uploademail-new Most astronomers have been discredited or threatened to the point where there is no need for too many quote unquote deaths. For some reason Quaalude doesnt post the dead astronmers. Dr. Robert S. Harrington, the chief astronomer of the U.S. Naval Observatory, died before he could publicize the fact that Planet X is approaching our Solar System. Carl Edward Sagan ( /ˈseɪɡɪn/; November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, astrophysicist, cosmologist, author, science popularizer, and science communicator in astronomy and natural sciences. He published more than 600 scientific papers[2] and articles and was author, co-author or editor of more than 20 books. He advocated scientifically skeptical inquiry and the scientific method, pioneered exobiology and promoted the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI). 2 Assassinated Astronomers… Brian Geoffrey Marsden was born on August 5, 1937, he died on November 18, 2010. He was an astronomer américano-British; he was since 1978 the director of Minor Planet Center of the SAO located at Cambridge in Massachusetts. Minor Planet Center, under the auspices of the International Astronomical Union, it is the official organization in charge of the data-gathering of observation for small planets (asteroids) and comets, the calculation of their orbit and the publication of this information via Minor Planet Circulars. Al Rex Sandage was born on June 18, 1926 in Iowa city, Iowa (the United States), and died in San Gabriel (California) on November 13, 2010; it counted among the largest contemporary American astronomers. Born in an Jewish family, it converts towards the end of its life to Christianity. Sandage worked at the observatory of the Palomar Mount. This observatory belongs and is controlled by California Institue off technology (Caltech). One of the important programs allotted to the Palomar mount is the research program of comets and the asteroids géocroiseurs called Near Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT). the asteroids géocroiseurs are asteroids evolving/moving in the vicinity or in direction of the Earth. To name them one often uses abbreviation ECA, of English Earth-Crossing Asteroids, asteroids whose orbit crosses that of the Earth. Some of these objects being likely to run up against the Earth, they are the subject of a research and a particular follow-up. [link to realnewsreporter] World-renowned astronomer Donald C. Backer dies at age 66 By Public Affairs, UC Berkeley | July 29, 2010 BERKELEY Don Backer (UC Berkeley Department of Astronomy photo)Don Backer, a professor in the Department of Astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley, and a world leader in the field of radio astronomy, died on Sunday, July 25, after collapsing outside his home. He was 66. John Peter Huchra died unexpectedly on Oct. 8 at the age of 61. He was the Robert O. & Holly Thomis Doyle Professor of Cosmology and the senior adviser to the provost for research policy at Harvard. [link to news.harvard.edu] Jack Horkheimer | Star Gazer | Last Show | Geekosystemw Aug 22, 2010 On Friday afternoon Jack Horkheimer, veteran astronomer and naked-eye-astronomy enthusiast, died of “a respiratory ailment” at the age of 72. He was the executive director of the planetarium at the Miami Museum of Science and Space Transit, but was most well known for his weekly PBS series. It’s called Jack Horkheimer: Star Gazer and he started doing it in 1976. [link to geekosystem] Anonymous CowardUser ID: 9658935 United States05/14/2012 03:23 PMReport Abusive PostReport Copyright Violation Re: Another Astronomer Found Dead What kinds of real-life accidents happen to astronomers or physicists? Most of the accidents I hear about have to do with the hazards of traveling to and from observatories and conferences. A recent tragic accident was the death of Prof. David Schramm, a world renound University of Chicago physicist and cosmologist. He died in a private plane accident. A decade ago, an astronomer died at an observatory when a special set of interlock doors in the observatory dome failed to operate properly and he was crushed to death between the inside and outside walls of the rotating observatory dome at Kitt Peak. [link to astronomycafe.net] Robert Little Donald E. Osterbrock Koh-Ichiro Morita Rodney Gomes Steven Rawlings No charges in death of Oxford astronomer16 Apr 2012 | 16:02 BST | Posted by Brian Owens | Category: Space and astronomy The death of Oxford University astronomer Steven Rawlings will not result in any criminal charges. Rawlings was found dead in the home of his friend and fellow Oxford academic, Devinder Sivia, in January (See ‘Radio astronomer’s death shocks colleagues‘). Sivia was arrested and released on bail, but the UK Crown Prosecution Service now says that he will not face any charges, reports the BBC, adding that a coroner’s inquest will now seek to determine the cause of Rawlings’s death. Rawlings was a key figure in the Square Kilometre Array radio telescope project. Like · Unfollow Post · September 30 at 10:26pm Lance Lee Osbournvaticproject.blogspot/2012/05/japanese-astronomer-murdered-was-he.html The Vatic Project: Japanese Astronomer Murdered! Was He Involved With Planet X Study? (Updated) vaticproject.blogspot A nation...cannot survive treason from within...the traitor ...wears the face ...See More September 29 at 11:35am · Like · 4 · Remove Preview Lance Lee Osbourn youtube/watch?v=ksIw4nr5v54&feature=share btw this thread has a named subject ;.) BREAKING EVIDENCE! NIBIRU ~ SCIENTIFIC PROOF and, The Death of Honest Astronomers! youtube Published on Sep 3, 2012 by helias314 ASTRONOMERS DIE MYSTERIOUS UNTIMELY DEATHS...See More September 30 at 11:21pm · Like · 6 · Remove Preview Lance Lee Osbourn https://youtube/watch?v=fNGjaZpWUN0 NIBIRU / PLANET X IS ALREADY KILLING PEOPLE, Astronomer Teams Dying In Pairs youtube I wonder what they saw and knew ? October 7 at 7:57pm · Like · 5 · Remove Preview Lance Lee Osbourn youtube/watch?v=1Sg41GIUV2g&feature=share ASTRONOMER TEAMS DIES COINCIDENCES youtube I found this to be very interesting... so many coincidences... you decide Thanks...See More October 10 at 10:49pm · Like · Remove Preview Lance Lee Osbourn youtube/watch?v=k7XfFlj6UgU Dead scientist list youtube A quick look at the strange deaths of over 100 scientists, their links and suspi...See More November 5 at 9:51am · Like · Remove Preview Lance Lee Osbourn youtube/watch?v=xAcNssKydco&feature=share Nibiru and Dozens of Dead Astronomers youtube Music By Globus Have made no accusations or asserted any motives. Just the facts...See More December 10 at 9:25pm · Like · 1 · Remove Preview
Posted on: Sun, 19 Jan 2014 21:48:16 +0000
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