On the missing of gamma emissions in Rossi-Effect and the Focardi Prophecy journal-of-nuclear-physics/?p=866&cpage=6#comments . Here is analysed the question concerning the nature of the reactions occurring in the Rossi-Effect , by considering the missing of gamma emissions by the eCat. . 1 ) How Quantum Mechanics, Standard Nuclear Physics, and Quantum Electrodynamics were developed QM, Standard Nuclear Physics, and QED were developed after 1905, and therefore from Einstein’s concept of empty space (considered confirmed by the scientific community when an experiment of 1919 had measured the light deviation during an eclipse). In 2011 the journal Nature published the paper A vacuum can yield flashes of light, proving that the space is no empty, but actually the space must be filled with a “substance” with structure, formed by particles and antiparticles capable to be transformed in photons. nature/news/a-vacuum-can-yield-flashes-of-light-1.12430 So, it is reasonable to suppose that something is missing in the three theories mentioned above, and therefore they are incomplete. Here we try to understand how this lack in the Standard Nuclear Physics reverberates in the field of cold fusion. . 2) Two sort of reactions for the energy production There are two sort of known reactions able to produce energy : - Chemical - Nuclear According to the Standard Nuclear Physics, nuclear reactions produce gamma emission via gamma decay. As there is not gamma emission by the eCat , then there are only two ways so that to explain the Rossi-Effect: a) FIRST WAY: it is by considering that Rossi-Effect is produced by nuclear reactions, however there is not yet a complete understanding of the Standard Nuclear Physics , and this is the reason why, in spite of in special conditions (as those occurring in cold fusion phenomena) nuclear reactions can occur without gamma emission, however the nuclear theorists consider impossible to have nuclear reactions without gamma emission, because they have not a complete understanding of the Standard Model. ————————————————— Note: it is of interest to call attention to the fact that from this FIRST WAY there is NO VIOLATION of any fundamental law of Physics, because the missing of gamma emission is consequence of some unknown mechanisms existing not considered up to now in the Standard Model, since the theory is incomplete. b) SECOND WAY: it is by considering that Rossi-Effect is produced by chemical reactions. As chemical reactions do not emit gamma rays, a theory based on chemical reactions is acceptable for the explanation of the Rossi-Effect, from the viewpoint of the missing of gamma emission Let us analyse those two WAYS from which the Rossi-Effect is possible to occur without the gamma emission. . 3) Rossi-Effect occurrence from nuclear reactions As the space is no empty, there is need to consider that the space has a structure composed by elementary particles and antiparticles as electricitons, magnetons, gravitons, etc. From a structure of the non-empty space formed by those particles and antiparticles there is no way to develop a concept of electric field with SPHERICALshape. In other words, by considering the non-empty space the shape of the electric field of elementary particles as the proton and the electron must be NON-SPHERICAL . The Figure 1 shows the electric and magnetic fields of the proton. FIG. 1: peswiki/index.php/Image:FIGURE_1-_3_fields_of_the_proton.png As the radius of the electric field has the magnitude of the Bohr’s radius 10^-11m, and the radius of the nucleus is 10^-15m, of course the Fig. 1 does not show the real proportion between the fields. The Fig. 2 show a better proportionality (but of course not real yet): FIG. 2 peswiki/index.php/Image:FIGURE_2-_3_fields_in_real_proportionality.png However, the proton is composed by quarks, and (due to their oscillation into the structure of the proton combined with the spin of the proton) the body of the proton acquires a chaotic rotation. As consequence, in average the electric field of the proton takes a SPHERICAL shape. Note that the spherical shape of the proton is a statistical behavior of the actual non-spherical shape of its electric field. The statistical spherical shape of the electric field of the proton (and also of the electron) is the shape considered as fundamental in the development of Quantum Mechanics, and also in the development of Quantum Electrodynamics. And as the Standard Nuclear Physics was developed from the principles of Quantum Mechanics and the fundamental concepts of considered in QED, we realize that the spherical shape of the electric field considered as fundamental by the nuclear theorists in the Standard Nuclear Theory actually is a statistical behavior, and so the spherical shape can change from some special conditions. The structure of the electric field of the nuclei is similar to the structure for the proton shown in the Figure 1, and so in average the electric field of any nucleus has a sheperical shape as consequence of the statistical behavior, and this spherical shape is just considered in the Standard Nuclear Physics. In another words: - The electric field of the nuclei is non-spherical - However, from the statistical viewpoint, the electric field of the nuclei is spherical, due to the chaotic rotation of the nuclei. As we note from the non-spherical shape of the electric field of the nuclei shown in the Figure 1, there is a “hole” in the electric field, and in special conditions (as occurring in cold fusion) particles as protons and neutrons can penetrate into a nucleus via that “hole” with energy lower than that required from hot fusion process. And, if a nucleus captures a low energy neutron via the “hole” in the electric field of the nucleus, and after the capture the nucleus decays , there is no emission of gamma rays during the decay, because the nucleus was not excited with high energy as happens in the cases when a neutron enters with high energy into a nucleus not via the “hole” in the electric field. Therefore, from such new consideration of the non-empty space for the development of a new concept of electric field, the Rossi-Effect can occur without gamma emission, by considering some special conditions not considered in the Standard Nuclear Physics, because the Standard Model was developed from statistical considerations about the shape of the electric field. From the explained above, we realize that the nuclear theorists have not a deep understanding on the Standard Model, because what they have is a statistical interpretation of the electric Coulomb barrier of the nuclei. CONCLUSION 1: The nuclear theorists have not an entire understanding of the Standard Model. And then we realize that Focardi Prophecy is correct: those ones who conclude that Rossi-Effect is impossible to occur via the Standard Model had inferred their wrong conclusion from their lack of comprehension of the Standard Model. CONCLUSION 2: It’s important to note that when we consider that Rossi-Effect occurs via nuclear reactions, there is NO VIOLATION of any fundamental law of Physics . Because the missing of gamma emission is not due to any phenomenon disagree to the fundamental laws of Physics, but actually the missing of gamma emission is due to a misunderstanding of the Standard Model, since the spherical shape of the Coulomb barrier considered in the Standard Model is due to a statistical behavior not conserved in the special conditions of the cold fusion phenomena, as Rossi-Effect. . 4) Rossi-Effect produced from chemical reactions The energy produced from chemical reactions is calculated by taking in consideration the attraction between the positive charge of the nuclei and the negative charge of the electrons in the electrosphere of the atoms. Therefore the energy of chemical reactions is based a fundamental law of Physics: the Coulomb attraction between electric charges. In the Lugano Report the experimetalists had concluded that the energy produced by the eCat cannot be produced by chemical reactions, a conclusion inferred from the Ragone plot of energy storage ( , page 26, Figure 13, where it is written: “The E-Cat, which would be far off the scale here, lies outside the region occupied by conventional sources“). In the Summary and concluding remarks at the page 30 it is written: ”We have a device giving heat energy compatible with nuclear transformations” . So, from the Ragone plot there is not any chemical reaction able to produce the amount of energy produced by the Rossi-Effect in the eCat. Therefore, if an author of a theory on the Rossi-Effect discards the nuclear reactions as cause of the heat produced in the eCat, we have the following situation: a) As nuclear reactions are discarded, then only chemical reactions can be the cause of the heat produced by the eCat. b) But as no one among the all known chemical reactions is able to produce the quantity of heat produced in the eCat, then the author of the theory must propose the existence of a new sort of unknown chemical reaction, never seen before. c) The existence of this new unknown chemical reaction proposed by the author of the theory violates a fundamental law of Physics: the energy produced by this new chemical reaction is beyond the calculation obtained via Coulomb law. CONCLUSION 3: Any theory which with the aim of explaining the Rossi-Effect by discarding nuclear reactions violates a fundamental law of Physics. 5) FINAL CONCLUSION : 5.1) A theory with the aim of explaining the Rossi-Effect by considering nuclear reactions does not violate any fundamental law of Physics, and such theory is according to Focardi Prophecy: those ones who claim that it is impossible to explain Rossi-Effect from the Standard Model actually did not understand in deep the Standard Nuclear Theory. 5.2) A theory which aim is of explaining the Rossi-Effect by discarding nuclear reactions violates a fundamental law of Physics: the Coulomb law.
Posted on: Sat, 27 Dec 2014 01:04:24 +0000
Trending Topics
Recently Viewed Topics
© 2015