ROMAN ART THREE TYPES OF WALL STONE WALL-Walls of rectangular blocks of stone Opus Quadratum -An ancient Roman construction technique, in which squared blocks of stone of the same height were set in parallel courses. Consist of rectangular blocks of stones placed one on top of the other at regular intervals. ALTERNATE OPUS QUADRATUM-Two size of stones arranged in varied courses to form the wall. CONCRETE WALLS -Used unfaced for foundation and faced for walls. OPUS INCERTUM- Small, irregular-shaped of stones arranged in a loose polygonal patterns. OPUS RETICULATUM - With small square stones set on edge, lozenge-fashion joints run diagonally. OPUS TESTACEUM -A facing of triangular shaped bricks. OPUS MIXTUM- Faced with alternate course of brick and small squared stone MARBLE-Rarely used throughout a wall but commonly used as a facing. DOORWAYS- Both square and semi-circular headed and became decorative features in the design of public buildings. ROOFS TIMBER ROOf-Used for temples, basilica and dwellings, common span of 50-60 feet , terra-cotta tiles for roof covering were used VAULTS- An architectural term for an arched form used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof. BARREL VAULT- A barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault and resembles a barrel or tunnel cut lengthwise in half , also known as Annular, wagon or tunnel vaults GROINED VAULT or CROSS VAULT- Formed by the intersection of 2 semi-circular vaults of equal span. DOMES - Vaults and domes is the greatest innovation of Roman Architecture,roofs were able to span at bigger and wider distances. COFFERING- Is usual on the underside of vaults and domes and done not only for decorative purposes but to lessen their weight since they were often of enormous thickness. SUNKEN PANEL- In a vaulted ceiling or inside of a cupola MOULDINGS • Characterized by rich ornaments and usually parts of circle in profile. • Roman moulding were largely derived from the Greeks. • Their workmanship is rough unlike that of the Greeks. A.CYMA RECTA – Honeysuckle ornament B.CYMA REVERSA- Ogee ornament C. OVOLO- egg-like ornament D. FILLET- plain ornament E.ASTRAGAL- bead ornament F. CAVETTO- hollow ornament G. SCOTIA- deep-hollow ornament H. TORUS- plaint ornament I. CORONA- deep vertical face ornament J. DENTILS- small and square tooth like block ornament Recreational and sports - Some of these structures were adapted from Greek types. a. Theaters -Auditorium with tiers of seats arranged in a semi-circular pattern. For drama ,Central portion is reserved for the dignitaries. 1) Scaenae frons - This area usually has several entrances to the stage including a grand central entrance. 2) 2) Porticus post scaenam - passageway behind the scaenae 3) 3) Pulpitum - It is a massive screen, most often constructed of stone, or occasionally timber, that divides the choir from the nave and ambulatory. 4) 4) Proscaenium - Is the area of a theatre surrounding the stage opening 5) 5) Orchestra - The orchestra (literally, "dancing space") was normally circular. 6) 6) Cavea - Auditorium/theatre or seats/audience; the audience seating portion of the Roman theatre 7) 7) Aditus maximus - Roman entrance to the orchestra, typically between the cavea and the scaena one on either side of the orchestra 8) 8) Vomitorium - is a passage situated below or behind a tier of seats in an amphitheatre or a stadium b. Amphi-Theaters – elliptical arena and is sometimes flooded for miniature naval combat shows, used for gladiator combats. c. Circus – structure corresponding to the Greek Hippodrome, for horse and chariot racing. d. . Thermae – a roman palatial public bath houses were patterned after the Greek Gymnasia., a reflection of how Romans value their body and mental health., designed not only for bathing but also for social, lecture and athletic meets. Major parts of Thermae 1. Thermae proper – central structure of the complex a. Tepidarium – warm lounging area b. Calidarium – hot water bathing area c. Sudatorium – hottest room of the structure (Laconicum) d. . Frigidarium – cooling room of the thermae e. Pescina – swimming pool or tank f. Apodyteria - A dressing room g. Unctoria- A massage room. h. Esphebisterium- A game room i. Small theater-Sometimes included in the structure 2. Open Space- - Is located at the rear end and sides of the complex. Xystus- A park-like space surrounds the main building planted with trees and ornamented with statues and fountains. 3. Perimeter Service Spaces- a. Lecture room b. Exedrae c. Colonnad d. Shops e. Slave quarters f. reservoirs g. balneum Exedrae- an open platform facing the xystus., An often semicircular portico with seats that was used in ancient Greece and Rome as a place for discussions or used as a meeting place. Colonnades- a row of columns usually supporting a roof.
Posted on: Sat, 07 Sep 2013 10:58:04 +0000