Rómulo Betancourt From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Rómulo Betancourt RB 1975.jpg President of the Republic of Venezuela In office 19 October 1945 – 17 February 1948 Preceded by Isaías Medina Angarita Succeeded by Rómulo Gallegos In office February 13, 1959 – March 13, 1964 Preceded by Edgar Sanabria Succeeded by Raúl Leoni Senator for life In office 1964–1981 Personal details Born Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello 22 February 1908 Guatire, Miranda state Died 28 September 1981 (aged 73) New York City Political party Acción Democrática Spouse(s) Carmen Valverde (Div.) Renée Hartmann Viso Religion Agnosticism[1] Signature Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello (22 February 1908 – 28 September 1981), known as The Father of Venezuelan Democracy, was President of Venezuela from 1945 to 1948 and again from 1959 to 1964, as well as leader of Acción Democrática, Venezuelas dominant political party in the 20th century. He survived an assassination attempt ordered by Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, dictator of the Dominican Republic. Betancourt, one of Venezuelas most important political figures, led a tumultuous and highly controversial career in Latin American politics. Periods of exile brought Betancourt in contact with various Latin American countries as well as the United States, securing his legacy as one of the few real international leaders to emerge from 20th-century Latin America. Scholars credit Betancourt as the Founding Father of modern democratic Venezuela. Romulo Betancourt was a very close friend of the Governor of Puerto Rico, Luis Muñoz Marín, visiting the island often and frequently exchanging political views with him, viewing him as a political advisor on Democracy. Although they disagreed on certain issues they remained faithful friends. On one occasion in 1963, he refused to attend the inauguration of Juan Bosch as president of the Dominican Republic if Bosch did not extend an invitation to Luis Munoz Marin, who had provided a safe haven for Bosch and various members of his political party in Puerto Rico. Betancourt attended the funeral of his friend in 1980. Contents 1 Early years 2 First term as president 2.1 Reform of the oil industry 2.2 Government Junta cabinet (1945–1948) 3 Third exile 4 Second term as president 4.1 Agrarian reform 4.2 FALN guerrilla group 4.3 Assassination attempt 4.4 Constitutional government cabinet (1959–1964) 4.5 1963 elections 4.6 Betancourt Doctrine 5 Later life 6 Bibliography 7 Books 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Early years Rómulo Betancourt during his childhood Betancourt in 1936 Rómulo Betancourt was born in Guatire, a town near Caracas, son of Luis Betancourt Bello (from Canary origins) and Venezuelan Virginia Bello Milano, being the middle brother between his older sister Teresa and younger sister Helena. Living along with his maternal grandmother Maria Milano Bello and his uncle Luis Bello Milano. From 1914 to 1920 Betancourt began his formal education at a private school created by the community of Guatire and promoted by his own father. In 1921, he moved along with his family to Caracas for high school, graduating from the Liceo Caracas in 1926, the same year that his mother died. In 1927 he entered the law faculty of Central University of Venezuela, earning the first year notable qualifications, working at the legal desk and at the Bar Association of Caracas, having great interest in literature, writing short stories and trying to establish a literary magazine.[2] The year 1928 can be considered the one of Betancourts political baptism, becoming a member of the Generation of 1928. Due to his participation along with other members of the Students Federation of Venezuela (FEV) presided by Raúl Leoni, in the events of students week (February 1928), which had as its original goal to generate funds for the construction of a Students house. Later assumed to be a protest against the dictatorship of Juan Vicente Gómez, culminating in the incarceration of this group of young leaders and their subsequent transferring to the Libertador castle of Puerto Cabello. Imprisonment lasted only two months through the intervention of respected citizens who advocated for the students freedom. But this period of forced incarceration in shackles, where not all his student colleagues survived, marked Betancourt as a justice and democracy fighter. On 7 April 1928 shortly after these events, a military conspiracy exploded that earned broad student support seizing the headquarters of Miraflores Palace, but fails to try to capture San Carlos military barracks. Betancourt, who was involved in the uprising, managed to leave the country for the island of Curaçao beginning his first exile. One that will last until late 1936. While in Curaçao, Betancourt came in contact with many other young Venezuelan exiles, who like him, worked actively against Gómezs repressive regime, joining the Venezuelan Revolutionary Party (PRV) and devoting his time to the study of Latin American and Venezuelan history, socialist doctrine related to imperialist penetration in Latin American countries and the oil business. These studies were later going to define much of Betancourts controversial political life; marking his eventual passage from prisoner to president. In 1929, he went to Santo Domingo joining an exile group who wanted to sail to the island of La Blanquilla, in order to join the expedition aboard the cruiser Falke commanded by Román Delgado Chalbaud, trying to land at Cumaná with the intention of overthrowing Gómez. After this insurrection failed, Betancourt traveled to Costa Rica, where he met his future wife, Carmen Valverde.[3] In this Central American nation he founded, and led, a number of radical and Communist student groups.[4] In the early 1930s, while in Costa Rica, he became at the young age of 22, the leader of that countrys Communist Party.[5] In 1937, after resigning the Communist Party and returning to his native Venezuela, Betancourt founded Partido Democrático Nacional, which became an official political party in 1941 as Acción Democrática (AD). First term as president Main article: El Trienio Adeco Members of the Revolutionary Government Junta, from left to right: Mario Ricardo Vargas, Raúl Leoni, Valmore Rodríguez, Rómulo Betancourt, Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, Edmundo Fernández and Gonzalo Barrios. Miraflores Palace, 1945 Rómulo Betancourt voting at the Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election, 1946 Betancourt became president in 1945 by means of a military coup détat and, during his time in office, completed an impressive agenda. His accomplishments included the declaration of universal suffrage, the institution of social reforms, and securing half of the profits generated by foreign oil companies for Venezuela. His government worked closely with the International Refugee Organization to aid European refugees and displaced persons who could not or would not return home after World War II; his government assumed responsibility for the legal protection and resettlement of tens of thousands of refugees inside Venezuela. The refugee initiative was the subject of great controversies within his government with the winning side led by Betancourts secretary of Agriculture, Eduardo Mendoza. Betancourt transferred power to his old teacher, the novelist Rómulo Gallegos (who was the first Venezuelan president elected by direct and universal suffrage), being appointed by the latter to head the Venezuelan Delegation to the IX Inter American Conference to be held in Bogotá, in 1948. Betancourt, was one of the writers of the Constitutive Charter of the OAS. During an address delivered at this Conference, on 6 April 1948, proclaimed: ...There are several governments in this continent pretending to reconcile their international commitments of a democratic nature with the denial of political and social liberties to their own subjects. But those liberties are as indispensable to civilized man as the oxygen his lungs demand[6] Colombian leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán claimed Betancourt had offered him arms and money to launch a revolution in Colombia which was part of Betancourts alleged plan to build a solid phalanx of left-wing regimes in the Caribbean.[7] It was alleged by Azula Barrera and Colombian President Mariano Ospina Pérez that Betancourt had supported the armed rising at the 1948 Inter-American Conference that followed the assassination of Gaitán.[8] and began a new volatile political period in neighboring Colombia which some claim continues to this day with FARC. Reform of the oil industry In 1941, before ADs entry into policymaking, Venezuela received 85,279,158 bolívars from oil taxes, out of a total oil value of 691,093,935 bolivars. Before Betancourts changes in the taxing system, the state of Venezuela was making only a fraction of what foreign oil companies were making in profit. President Betancourt had overthrown the Isaías Medina Angarita government which had enacted a law to tax oil companies up to 60%, and reserved for the government the right to raise taxes as needed. Betancourt changed the law to Fifty Fifty. One of Betancourts original main objectives was the nationalization of the countrys oil industry. Mexico had nationalized its oil industry in 1938, and because its economy was more diversified than Venezuelas, there was little to no backlash. Though oil nationalization became one of ADs main objectives, the economy was not stable enough to handle potential boycotts by foreign oil companies and would have left Venezuela fiscally vulnerable. Rationalizing the complications of nationalization at the time, Betancourts government instead raised taxes on oil production accomplishing the same goal: Venezuelas oil riches to benefit Venezuelans. In the late 1940s Venezuela was producing close to 500,000,000 barrels (79,000,000 m3) annually and as production climbed, the tax followed. Then Venezuela was the top oil supplier for the Allies during the wars occurring in the European continent. Betancourt saw the potential to have an important historical role, using this knowledge to his nations advantage. Germany lacked reliable access to oil limiting troop movements, some historians identify this weakness as a deciding factor in Hitlers defeat. According to Betancourt, the spike in taxes was just as effective as nationalizing, Tax income was increased from then to such a degree that nationalization was unnecessary to obtain maximum economic benefits for the people of the country. Oil companies were forced to cede to the demands of labor unions and were no longer entitled to make larger profits than the Venezuelan government. Betancourts government generally had full support of the labor unions as the administration openly encouraged workers to organize and in 1946, 500 labor unions were created. Another notable achievement of Betancourts first administration include the termination of the concession policy, the initial development of refineries within Venezuela, and tremendous improvement in worker conditions and pay. Juan Pablo Pérez served as Minister of Development in Betancourts first term. During the second term, Pérez served as Betancourts Minister of Mines and Petroleum and in 1960, through his initiative, OPEC was founded in Baghdad, Iraq. Triggered by a 1960 law instituted by American President Dwight Eisenhower that forced quotas for Venezuelan oil and favored Canada and Mexicos oil industries. Eisenhower cited national security, land access to energy supplies, at times of war. Betancourt reacted seeking an alliance with oil producing Arab nations as a pre-emptive strategy to protect the continuous autonomy and profitability of Venezuelas oil, establishing a strong link between the South American nation and the Middle East region that survives to this day. Government Junta cabinet (1945–1948) Ministries[9] OFFICE NAME TERM President Rómulo Betancourt 1945–1948 Home Affairs Valmore Rodríguez 1945–1946 Mario Ricardo Vargas 1946–1948 Outer Relations Carlos Morales 1945–1947 Gonzalo Barrios 1947–1948 Finance Carlos DAscoli 1945–1947 Manuel Pérez Guerrero 1947–1948 Defense Carlos Delgado Chalbaud 1945–1948 Development Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso 1945–1948 Public Works Luis Lander 1945–1946 Eduardo Mier y Terán 1946–1947 Edgar Pardo Stolk 1947–1948 Education Humberto García Arocha 1945–1946 Antonio Anzola Carrillo 1946–1947 Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa 1947–1948 Labor Raúl Leoni 1945–1948 Communications Mario Ricardo Vargas 1945–1946 Valmore Rodríguez 1946–1947 Antonio Martín Araujo 1947–1948 Agriculture Eduardo Mendoza Goiticoa 1945–1947 Ricardo Montilla 1947–1948 Health and Social Assistance Edmundo Fernández 1945–1948 Secretary of the Junta Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa 1945–1947 José Giacoppini Zárraga 1947–1948 Third exile Rómulo Betancourt during his exile in Havana, Cuba, 1949 On 27 November 1948, Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, Marcos Pérez Jiménez and Luis Felipe Llovera Páez launched the 1948 Venezuelan coup détat and overthrew the elected president Rómulo Gallegos, and Betancourt went into exile in New York City. In exile he planned a political return sustained on democratic principles and open elections legitimizing his national leadership role. His forward vision and strategy was successful and Betancourt was elected president by his own people upon returning to Venezuela. He had been determined to expose to the world the political problems and dictatorships that plagued the country through most of its modern history – a risky proposition. Betancourts third, and longest, period of exile was a time of enormous frustration. In the prime of his life --for roughly the decade of his forties-- he was forced into relative inactivity and obscurity. He traveled extensively, living in Cuba, Costa Rica, and Puerto Rico, and remained a leader of an opposition-in-exile to the Perez Jimenez dictatorship. And of course wrote Venezuela: Oil and Politics. A beach home outside of San Juan (Puerto Rico) provided a quiet refuge for this work, wrote Franklin Tugwell in his Introduction to the 1978 English publication of Betancourts book. The preparation of this book has been as hectic as the life of the author. I wrote it first between the years 1937–39 while I was underground hiding from the police. It could not be published then because no Venezuelan publisher would dare risk printing a book written by one who was in such compromising position. The only typewritten copy was among my personal papers and it disappeared with them when a military patrol plundered the house I was living in when the constitutional government was overthrown on 24 November 1948. Thus most of the material from the first draft was lost. I believe that the dead command, although not in the sense that reactionaries have traditionally given the phrase. When they die they give the command for an ideal of human excellence, obliging those who survive to finish their work, wrote Romulo Betancourt in the Prologue to the first edition of Venezuela: Oil and Politics. The book published in Mexico City by Editorial Fondo de Cultura Economica in 1956 was prohibited from circulating in Venezuela. Effectively censored; yet Betancourt persisted. Second term as president Main article: Second Presidency of Rómulo Betancourt Rómulo Betancourt and U.S. President Kennedy at La Morita, Venezuela, during an official meeting in December 1961. Kennedy embraced Betancourts strong stance against nondemocratic governments A decade later, after Pérez Jiménez was ousted, Betancourt was elected president in the Venezuelan general election, 1958. Having inherited an empty treasury and enormous foreign debts from the spendthrift Pérez, Betancourt nevertheless managed to return the state to fiscal solvency despite the rock-bottom petroleum prices throughout his presidency. In 1960 two important institutions were created by Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso, Betancourts minister of energy: the Venezuelan Petroleum Corporation (Corporación Venezolana de Petróleos — CVP), conceived to oversee the national petroleum industry, and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the international oil cartel that Venezuela established in partnership with Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Iran. Considered a radical revolutionary idea at the time by its opponents, but essential to Venezuelas independence and fiscal solvency by a visionary nationalistic Betancourt. At an annual oil convention in Cairo, Venezuelas envoy, fluent in Arabic, convinced oil producing Middle Eastern countries to sign a secret agreement that promoted unity and control of their own national oil resources; under the noses of the British and American corporations that dominated the oil industry globally and had funded the event. Planting the seed for OPEC. Agrarian reform ADs land reform distributed unproductive private properties and public lands to halt the decline in agricultural production. Landowners who had their properties confiscated received generous compensation. FALN guerrilla group Betancourts inaugural address in 1959 Betancourt also faced determined opposition from extremists and rebellious army units, yet he continued to push for economic and educational reform. A fraction split from the AD and formed the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR). When leftists were involved in unsuccessful revolts at navy bases in 1962 (El Carupanazo, Carúpano, and El Porteñazo, Puerto Cabello), Betancourt suspended civil liberties. Elements of the left then formed the Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN), a communist guerrilla army to fight him. After numerous attacks, he finally arrested the MIR and Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV) members of Congress. It became clear that a leftist Fidel Castro had been arming the rebels, so Venezuela protested to the Organization of American States (OAS). Assassination attempt Betancourt had denounced the dictatorship of Dominican Republics Rafael Leonidas Trujillo. In turn, Trujillo had developed an obsessive personal hatred of Betancourt and supported many plots by Venezuelan exiles to overthrow him. This led the Venezuelan government to take its case against Trujillo to the OAS. Turning to diplomacy first over armed response to resolve the political conflict. That in turn infuriated Trujillo, who ordered his foreign agents to assassinate Betancourt in Caracas. 24 June 1960 attempt, in which the Venezuelan president was badly burned, inflamed world public opinion against Trujillo, who was in turn assassinated in the Dominican Republic only a year later. Photos of a wounded but still living Betancourt were distributed around the world as proof he survived the assassination attempt that killed his head of security, and severely injured the driver. An incendiary device that was in a parked car was detonated as his presidential car drove by one of Caracas main avenues shocking the nation. With both burned hands wrapped in bandages, Rómulo Betancourt walked out of the hospital, in front of a sea of photographers, looking more like a professional boxer ready to face his rivals; a victor survivor willing to continue the fight – which Betancourt did. This incident elevated him in the eyes of the public opinion, and helped to destroy one of his most ferocious Caribbean enemies at the same time. Constitutional government cabinet (1959–1964) Ministries[10] OFFICE NAME TERM President Rómulo Betancourt 1959–1964 Home Affairs Luis Augusto Dubuc 1959–1962 Carlos Andrés Pérez 1962–1963 Manuel Mantilla 1963–1964 Foreign Relations Ignacio Luis Arcaya 1959–1960 Marcos Falcón Briceño 1960–1964 Finance José Antonio Mayobre 1959–1960 Tomás Enrique Carrillo Batalla 1960–1961 Andrés Germán Otero 1961–1964 Defense Josué López Hernández 1959–1961 Antonio Briceño Linares 1961–1964 Development Lorenzo Fernández 1959–1961 Godofredo González 1961–1963 Hugo Pérez La Salvia 1963–1964 Public Works Santiago Hernández Ron 1959–1960 Rafael De León Alvarez 1960–1962 Leopoldo Sucre Figarella 1962–1964 Education Rafael Pizani 1959–1960 Martín Pérez Guevara 1960–1961 Reinaldo Leandro Mora 1961–1964 Justice Andrés Aguilar 1959–1962 Miguel Ángel Landáez 1962–1963 Ezequiel Monsalve 1963–1964 Mines and Hydrocarbons Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso 1959–1963 Arturo Hernández Grisanti 1963–1964 Labor Luis Hernández Solís 1959–1960 Raúl Valera 1960–1963 Alberto Aranguren Zamora 1963–1964 Communications Manuel López Rivas 1959–1960 Juan Manuel Domínguez Chacín 1960 Pablo Miliani 1960–1964 Agriculture Victor Manuel Giménez Landínez 1959–1963 Miguel Rodríguez Viso 1963–1964 Health and Social Assistance Arnoldo Gabaldón 1959–1964 Secretary of Presidency Ramón José Velásquez 1959–1963 Mariano Picón Salas 1963–1964 Office of Coordination and Planification Manuel Pérez Guerrero 1959–1962 Héctor Hurtado 1962–1964 CVG Rafael Alfonzo Ravard 1960–1964 1963 elections Portrait of Betancourt Perhaps one of the greatest of Betancourts accomplishments, however, was the successful 1963 elections. Despite threats to disrupt the process, nearly 90 percent of the electorate participated on 1 December in what was the most honest election in Venezuela to that date. 11 March 1964 was a day of pride for the people of Venezuela as for the first time the presidential sash passed from one democratically elected chief executive to another. It should be noted prior to Betancourt changing the law, all presidents in Venezuela were elected by Congress – in typical republic model. He was Venezuelas first democratically-elected president to serve his full term, and was succeeded by Raúl Leoni. It was Romulo Betancourt who established a democratic precedent for the nation that had been ruled by dictatorships for most of its history. Dictatorships supported by oil interests from abroad. It was revolution by popular vote, without historical reference until then; Betancourt created the political model that had survived in Venezuela for a good many years afterward. Betancourt Doctrine Rómulo Betancourt during a speech to a group of officers The Venezuelan presidents antipathy for nondemocratic rule was reflected in the so-called Betancourt Doctrine, which denied Venezuelan diplomatic recognition to any regime, right or left, that came to power by military force. Betancourt always defended, and represented, democratic values and principles in Latin America. This put him at odds with the military strongmen who came to dominate and define political perception of the region. During his first message to Congress as President of Venezuela, on 12 February 1959, Betancourt said: ...Regimes disrespectful of human rights, violating their citizen´s freedom, tyrannizing them with the backing of totalitarian political police, should be submitted to a rigorous sanitary cordon and eradicated, through collective pacification, from the Inter-American juridical community[6] It was during the tense Cuban Missile Crisis, between the United States and Cuba, the relationship between President Kennedy and President Betancourt became closer than ever. Establishing a direct phone link between the White House and Miraflores (Presidential Palace) since the Venezuelan president had ample experience on dealing, defeating and surviving, machinations of Caribbean-based dictators against democratic regimes. The USSR was flexing its muscle in the Caribbean using Castros Cuba as its regional proxy creating a direct security threat both to Venezuela and the United States of America. These conversations between both presidents were translated by Betancourts only child, Virginia Betancourt Valverde, who served as interpreter and confidant to her father. Later president Rafael Caldera rejected the doctrine, which he thought had served to isolate Venezuela in the world. A thesis that continues to be debated among academics and intellectuals who see in Betancourt not an isolationist but a courageous defender of democratic principles in the midst of adversity and ferreous enemies. Later life Betancourt playing soccer, c. 1960s In 1964, Betancourt was awarded a lifetime seat in Venezuelas senate, due to status as a former president. After that he traveled to the United States, several Asian countries, and Europe where he lived first in Naples (Italy) and later in Bern (Switzerland). In 1972 he returned to Venezuela to support the presidential candidacy of Carlos Andrés Pérez (his private secretary during the years of the Government Revolutionary Junta and Minister of Home Affairs between 1962–1963). A year later, Pérez was elected president. In 1977 Betancourt supported the candidacy of Luis Piñerua Ordaz, who was to be later defeated in December 1978 by Luis Herrera Campins, candidate of COPEI. During the same year, the Spanish company Seix Barral published a new edition of Venezuela: Política y Petróleo (Venezuela: Oil & Politics), and the books El 18 de Octubre 1945 and América Latina: Democracia e Integración (Latin America: Democracy and Integration). Reinforcing Betancourts image domestically, and in the region, as a pragmatic nationalist visionary. His last days were dedicated to writing and to his wife Dr. Renee Hartmann. He died on 28 September 1981 in Doctors Hospital in New York City. On his death US President Ronald Reagan made the following statement: “ I speak for all Americans in expressing our heartfelt sadness at the death of Romulo Betancourt. While he was first and foremost a Venezuelan patriot, Romulo Betancourt was an especially close friend of the United States. During the 1950s he considered the United States a refuge while he was in exile, and we were proud to receive him. We are honored that this courageous man whose life was dedicated to the principles of liberty and justice – a man who fought dictatorships of the right and the left – spent his final days on our shores. We join the Venezuelan people and those who love freedom around the world in mourning his death. ” Bibliography Rómulo... great spirits do not die. Advertising published after the death of Betancourt in 1981 Cecilio Acosta (1928) Dos meses en las cárceles de Gómez (1928) En las huellas de la pezuña (1929) Con quién estamos y contra quién estamos (1932) Una República en venta (1932) Problemas venezolanos (1940) Un reportaje y una conferencia (1941) El caso de Venezuela y el destino de la democracia en América (1949) Escuelas y despensa, los dos pivotes de la reforma educacional (1951) Campos de concentración para los venezolanos y millones de dólares para las compañias petroleras (1952) Venezuela, factoría petrolera (1954) Venezuela: política y petróleo (1956) Posición y Doctrina (1958) Venezuela rinde cuentas (1962) Posibilidades y obstáculos de la Revolución Democrática (1965) Golpes de estado y gobiernos de fuerza en América Latina; la dramática experiencia dominicana (1966) Latin America: its problems and possibilities (1966) Hacia una América Latina democrática e integrada (1967) Venezuela dueña de su petróleo (1975) José Alberto Velandia: ejemplo para las nuevas generaciones de Venezuela (1975) El Petróleo de Venezuela (1976) Acción Democrática, un partido para hacer historia (1976) El 18 de octubre de 1945. Génesis y realizaciones de una revolución democrática (1979) Books Venezuela: Oil & Politics; 1978; by Rómulo Betancourt; ISBN 0-395-27945-3 Rómulo Betancourt; 1977; by Manuel Caballero Rómulo en Berna; 1978; by Luis González Herrera Rómulo Betancourt en la historia de Venezuela del siglo XX; 1980; by Ramón J. Velásquez, J.F. Sucre Figarella, Blas Bruni Celli Rómulo Betancourt and the Transformation of Venezuela; 1981; by Robert J. Alexander; ISBN 0-87855-450-5 Rómulo y Yo; 1984; by Renée Hartmann; ISBN 84-253-1625-1 Rómulo; 1984 ; by Sanin Rómulo Betancourt, Político sin ocaso; 1988 ; compilation book Rómulo Betancourt, Político de Nación; 2004 ; by Manuel Caballero; ISBN 980-354-154-4 Rómulo Betancourt; 2005 ; by María Teresa Romero; ISBN 980-6915-07-0 See also Venezuela Presidents of Venezuela Rómulo Betancourt Foundation References Biography at Efemeridesvenezolanas Jump up ^ Renée Hartmann. 1984. Rómulo y Yo. Jump up ^ Fundación para la Cultura Urbana. 2009. Rómulo Betancourt: crónica visual. page 16. Cronología RB. Jump up ^ Betancourt´s biography at Venezuelatuya Jump up ^ Nathaniel Weyl. 1960. Red Star Over Cuba. page 3. OOC:60-53203. Jump up ^ Nathaniel Weyl. 1960. Red Star Over Cuba. pages 3–5. OOC:60-53203. ^ Jump up to: a b The Daily Journal, 16 May 1977. (Rómulo Betancourt, The) “Return of the Warrior” Jump up ^ Nathaniel Weyl. 1960. Red Star Over Cuba. page 4-5. OOC:60-53203. Jump up ^ Nathaniel Weyl. 1960. Red Star Over Cuba. page 25, 30–31. OOC:60-53203 Jump up ^ Rómulo Betancourt Foundation (2006). Political Anthology of Rómulo Betancourt, Fourth Volume 1945–1948. Jump up ^ Rómulo Betancourt Foundation (2007). Political Anthology of Rómulo Betancourt, Seventh Volume 1958–1964. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rómulo Betancourt. Betancourt Foundation – Official Page 1Up Info about the Triumph of Democracy President Kennedys speech at la Morita Political offices Preceded by Isaías Medina President of Venezuela 1945–1948 Succeeded by Rómulo Gallegos Preceded by Edgar Sanabria Interim President of Venezuela 1959–1964 Succeeded by Raúl Leoni Party political offices Preceded by Rómulo Gallegos (1947) AD presidential candidate 1958 (won) Succeeded by Raúl Leoni (1963) [show] v t e Presidents of Venezuela [show] v t e Notable figures of the Cold War Authority control WorldCat VIAF: 112010772 LCCN: n50012376 ISNI: 0000 0001 1845 4391 GND: 133479129 Categories: 1908 births 1981 deaths Anti-communists Anti-fascists Cold War leaders Venezuelan people of Canarian descent Leaders who took power by coup Venezuelan democracy activists Social democrats Venezuelan journalists Presidents of Venezuela Venezuelan life senators People from Miranda (state) Democratic Action (Venezuela) politicians Navigation menu Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikimedia Shop Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Data item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages বাংলা Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული मराठी Nederlands Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Тоҷикӣ Українська Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last modified on 16 October 2013 at 02:48. 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