SCIENCE VERSUS HISTORY || BELIEVE VERSUS MYTH #IndianPM was talking about ancient Indian plastic surgery, stem cell technology and reproductive genetics, which was hard to digest to many and was made fun of these futuristic idea. Did they tried to looks whats current scenario is? Did they consulted any scientist/doctor/historian to find status/truth in these sector. LETs HAVE A LOOK ! ! --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The earliest reference to any functional neurosurgery in world could be found in Indian Mythology cum historical script Shiva Purana. It reflects a transplantation of elephant head on a boy (Lord Ganesha). The narration of Goddess Parvati creating a boy (Ganesha) from the dirt of her body and Lord Shiva restoring Ganesha’s life, with elephant head. [1] The above narration highlights two important aspects of functional neurosurgery in today’s modern science. ► One is reproduction of a human being from dermis derived from stem cell (“created a boy out of the dirt of her body”) and ► second, the ultimate aim/achievement that could ever happen – “whole head transplant.” In another epic, it is documented that in 1800 BC, Jivaka (physician to the Lord Buddha) removed intracranial mass lesion through trephination. [2] You will be surprised to know that #HeadTransplantation in modern world is nothing new. It has been already successfully done in animals. [21] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Before discussing Animal Head could be transplanted to Human Head or not??? Let’s check if today’s neurosurgeon can transplant HUMAN HEAD WITH ANOTHER HUMAN? I know many would be surprised; How a human head could be transplanted to another Human? My friends yes today’s...... ► ► Neuroscientists has announced transplant of human head. Italian neuroscientists outlines how to perform a complete HUMAN HEAD TRANSPLANT, arguing that such a surgical procedure is now within the realm of possibility [3, 4]. Published in the June issue of Surgical Neurology International, the project has been outlined by Italian neuroscientist and functional neurosurgeon, Dr. Sergio Canavero. He says the procedure would take 100 surgeons 36 hours to complete, and would cost around £8.5 million ($12.6 million). [7, 8] ► ► In 1970, the first cephalosomatic linkage was achieved in the #MONKEY. However, the technology did not exist for reconnecting the spinal cord, and this line of research was no longer pursued. In this paper, an outline for the first total cephalic exchange in man is provided and spinal reconnection is described. The use of fusogens, special membrane-fusion substances, is discussed in view of the first human cord linkage. Several human diseases without cure might benefit from the procedure [6]. Robert White from Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), successfully transplanted the head of a rhesus MONKEY onto the body of a second rhesus, and Dr Canavero, a member of the Turin Advanced Neuromodulation Group, has proposed using a similar method. Dr. Robert White said “The greatest technical hurdle to such endeavour is of course the reconnection of the donors and recipients spinal cords. It is my contention that the technology only now exists for such linkage,” [4]. In 1970, US neurosurgeon Robert Joseph White performed an operation to transplant a monkeys head onto another monkeys body. However, the inability to repair the severed spinal cord due to lack of required technology proved a problem, and the monkey was left paralyzed, passing away days later [7, 8]. ► ► SUCCESSFUL DOGS HEAD TRANSPLANT Russian doctors performed experiments back in the 1950s involving successful transplantation of an extra head onto a DOG [21]. VLADIMIR DEMIKHOV WAS a pioneering surgeon. Without his contributions to science and medicine, organ transplant and coronary surgery may not be as developed as it is today – a fact that is not well known because his papers were written in Russian while living on the bleaker side of the Cold War and through World War II. By far the most unusual experiments and surgeries included the transplantation of the head or half the body [22]. In 1948, he wrote about the “surgical combination of two animals with the creation of a single circulation”. In 1968, Demikhov transplanted another puppy’s head onto the neck of another dog. The creatures survived for 38 days. Its bodies were then stuffed and in 1988 given to Riga’s Museum of History of Medicine. [21] So now, just imagined that you are 1970s or 50s and if top #neuroscientists or top politician would have said publicly that Head transplant within human is possible. Everybody would have laughed and thought him/her a mad person. Here we are knocking 2015, and Head transplant within human looks possible and the project is code-named HEAVEN/GEMINI [6]. The project is expected to carry Frankstein-style HEAD transplants [9]. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ►►PLASTIC SURGERY #Sushrutha is considered as India’s proud heritage [14] and Sushrutha is recognized today as the ‘Father of Plastic Surgery’ all over the world. The fact that such a man in flesh and blood performed these surgeries a millennium before Hippocrates and two millenniums before European stalwarts like Celsius and Galen ever appeared on the scene is hard for most to realize and appreciate. [10, 12] Sushrutha came from a rich heritage of learned scholars. [11] Sushrutha took surgery in medieval India to admirable heights and that era was later regarded The Golden Age of Surgery in ancient India. Because of his numerous seminal contributions to the science and art of surgery in India, he is regarded as the ‘Father of Surgery’ and the ‘Father of Plastic Surgery’. In “The source Book of Plastic Surgery,” Frank McDowell aptly described Sushrutha as follows:“Through all of Sushrutas flowery language, incantations and irrelevancies, there shines the unmistakable picture of a great surgeon. Undaunted by his failures, unimpressed by his successes, he sought the truth unceasingly and passed it on to those who followed. He attacked disease and deformity definitively, with reasoned and logical methods. When the path did not exist, he made one.” [13] ‘Sushruta Samhita (Sushrutas compendium), which describes the ancient tradition of surgery in Indian medicine is considered as one of the most brilliant gems in Indian medical literature. [15] The classical cheek flap rhinoplasty of Sushruta and Vaghbat was later modified by using a rotation flap from the adjacent forehead, The Traditional Indian Method of Rhinoplasty. This was kept a secret for centuries in India, and practiced by Marattas of Kumar near Poona, certain Nepaly families and Kanghairas of Kangra (Himachal Pradesh). [17] The knowledge of rhinoplasty spread from India to Arabia and Persia and from there to Egypt and Italy in the 15th century. The first translation of Sushruta Samhita was in Latin by Hessler in 1844 and in Arabic by Ibn Abi Usaybia (1203-1269 AD) and later into German by Vellurs. Bhishagratna translated it in English in 1907. [16, 18] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- There was concept of brain transplant in pre-historic era [19] which if scientist research then who knows in next 50 years animal head transplant to human is possible. Science is such a beautiful thing which should not be laughed out as anything is possible if you follow right research. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- REFERENCES [1] isl.mum.edu/vedicreserve/puran.htm [2] Doshi, P.K. (2009). History of Stereotactic Surgery in India. Springer –Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 155 – 169 [3] huffingtonpost/2013/07/06/head-transplant-italian-neuroscientist_n_3533391.html [4] telegraph.co.uk/news/science/10154240/First-human-head-transplant-now-possible-neurosurgeon-claims.html [6] Canavero S. HEAVEN: The head anastomosis venture Project outline for the first human head transplantation with spinal linkage (GEMINI). Surg Neurol Int 2013;4, Suppl S1:335-42 [Available online at surgicalneurologyint/text.asp?2013/4/2/335/113444] [7] Whiteman, H. (2013, July 5). Possibility of First Head Transplant Fraught With Ethical And Medical Dilemmas. Medical News Today. Retrieved from medicalnewstoday/articles/262948.php. [8] Whiteman, Honor. Possibility Of First Head Transplant Fraught With Ethical And Medical Dilemmas. Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 5 Jul. 2013. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. medicalnewstoday/articles/262948.php [9] dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2353402/Frankenstein-style-HEAD-transplants-soon-reality-claims-leading-surgeon.html [10] Das S. Urology in ancient India. Indian J Urol. 2007;23:2–5. [11] Agarwal DP. Susruta: The Great Surgeon of Yore. Available from: infinityfoundation/mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_susruta_frameset.htm. [12] Saraf S, Parihar RS. Sushruta: The first Plastic Surgeon in 600 BC. Int J Plast Surg. 2007;4:2. [13] McDowell F. The source book of plastic surgery. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Company; 1997. pp. 5–85. [14] Bhattacharya, S. (2009). Sushrutha – Our proud heritage. Indian J Plast Surg. 2009 Jul-Dec; 42(2): 223–225. [Available online at: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2845369] [15] S Saraf, R Parihar. Sushruta: The first Plastic Surgeon in 600 B.C.. The Internet Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2006 Volume 4 Number 2. [Available at https://ispub/IJPS/4/2/8232] [16] Frank McDowell. The Source Book of Plastic Surgery. Baltimore; Williams and Wilkins Company: 1977. pp65-85. [17] Almast SC. History and evolution of the Indian method of Rhinoplasty. Transactions of 4th International Congress. Rome. Oct. 1967: 19-25. [18] Rana R E, Arora B S. History of plastic surgery in India. J Postgrad Med [serial online] 2002 [cited 2014 Dec 6];48:76. Available from: jpgmonline/text.asp?2002/48/1/76/144 [19] Kumar, R., Mahapatra, A.K. (2009). Concept of brain transplant in pre-historic era. Childs Nerv Syst (2009) 25:393–394, DOI 10.1007/s00381-008-0733-2 [20] Kumar. R., Kalra, S.K, Mahapatra, A.K. (2008) Lord Ganesha: the idol neurosurgeon. Childs Nerv Syst 24:287–288 [21] thejournal.ie/two-headed-dogs-794157-Feb2013/ [22] https://youtube/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=uvZThr3POlQ IMAGE SOURCE: [20], [21], https://vice/read/chilled-monkey-brains-803-v16n-4 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ancient INDIA Ancient Indian Technology ShankhNaad Indian History ~ the Real Truth. Indian History Ancient Indian History, Culture & Archaeology
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