Satan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the concept of Satan. For the concept of devil, see Devil. For other uses, see Satan (disambiguation). Gustave Doré, Depiction of Satan, the antagonist of John Miltons Paradise Lost c.1866. Satan (Hebrew: הַשָּׂטָן ha-Satan, the accuser,[1]) is a character appearing in the texts of the Abrahamic religions,[2][3] who personifies evil and temptation, and is known as the deceiver that leads humanity astray. The term is often applied to an angel who fell out of favor with God, seducing humanity into the ways of sin, and who now rules over the fallen world. Satan is primarily understood as an accuser or adversary in the Hebrew Bible, and is not necessarily the personification of evil that he would become in later Abrahamic religions. In the New Testament, Satan is a name that refers to a decidedly malevolent entity (devil) who possesses demonic god-like qualities. In Theistic Satanism, Satan is considered a positive force and deity who is either worshipped or revered. In LaVeyan Satanism, Satan is regarded as holding virtuous characteristics.[4][5] Contents [hide] 1 Judaism 1.1 Hebrew Bible 1.1.1 Thirteen occurrences 1.1.2 Book of Job 1.2 Second Temple period 1.2.1 Septuagint 1.2.2 Dead Sea scrolls and Pseudepigrapha 1.3 Rabbinical Judaism 2 Dualism and Zoroastrianism 3 Christianity 4 Islam 5 Yazidism 6 Baháí Faith 7 Satanism 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Judaism Hebrew Bible The original Hebrew term, satan, is a noun from a verb meaning primarily to, “obstruct, oppose,” as it is found in Numbers 22:22, 1 Samuel 29:4, Psalms 109:6.[6] Ha-Satan is traditionally translated as “the accuser,” or “the adversary.” The definite article “ha-,” English “the, is used to show that this is a title bestowed on a being, versus the name of a being. Thus this being would be referred to as “the satan.”[7] Thirteen occurrences Ha-Satan with the definite article occurs 13 times in the Masoretic Text, in two books of the Hebrew Bible: Job ch.1–2 (10x),[8] Zechariah 3:1–2 (3x).[9] Satan without the definite article is used in 10 instances, of which two are translated diabolos in the Septuagint and Satan in the King James Version: 1 Chronicles 21:1, Satan stood up against Israel (KJV) or And there standeth up an adversary against Israel (Youngs Literal Translation)[10] Psalm 109:6b and let Satan stand at his right hand (KJV)[11] or let an accuser stand at his right hand. (ESV, etc.) The other eight instances of satan without the definite article are traditionally translated (in Greek, Latin and English) as an adversary, etc., and taken to be humans or obedient angels: Numbers 22:22,32 and the angel of the LORD stood in the way for an adversary against him. 32 behold, I went out to withstand thee, 1 Samuel 29:4 The Philistines say: lest he [David] be an adversary against us 2 Samuel 19:22 David says: [you sons of Zeruaiah] should this day be adversaries (plural) unto me? 1 Kings 5:4 Solomon writes to Hiram: there is neither adversary nor evil occurrent. 1 Kings 11:14 And the LORD stirred up an adversary unto Solomon, Hadad the Edomite[12] 1 Kings 11:23 And God stirred him up an adversary, Rezon the son of Eliadah 25 And he [Rezon] was an adversary to Israel all the days of Solomon Book of Job The examination of Job, Satan pours on the plagues of Job, by William Blake. In the Book of Job, ha-Satan is a member of the Divine Council, the sons of God who are subservient to God. Ha-Satan, in this capacity, is many times translated as the prosecutor, and is charged by God to tempt humans and to report back to God all who go against His decrees. At the beginning of the book, Job is a good person who feared God and turned away from evil (Job 1:1), and has therefore been rewarded by God. When the Divine Council meets, God informs ha-Satan about Jobs blameless, morally upright character. Between Job 1:9–10 and 2:4–5, ha-Satan merely points out that God has given Job everything that a man could want, so of course Job would be loyal to God; if all Job has been given, even his health, were to be taken away from him, however, his faith would collapse. God therefore grants ha-Satan the chance to test Job.[13] Due to this, it has been interpreted that ha-Satan is under Gods control and cannot act without Gods permission. This is further shown in the epilogue of Job in which God is speaking to Job, ha-Satan is absent from these dialogues. For Job, for [Jobs] friends, and for the narrator, it is ultimately Yahweh himself who is responsible for Jobs suffering; as Yahweh says to the satan, You have incited me against him, to destroy him for no reason. (Job 2:3) [9] Second Temple period Septuagint In the Septuagint the Hebrew ha-Satan in Job and Zechariah is translated by the Greek word diabolos (slanderer), the same word in the Greek New Testament from which the English word devil is derived. Where satan is used of human enemies in the Hebrew Bible, such as Hadad the Edomite and Rezon the Syrian, the word is left untranslated but transliterated in the Greek as satan, a neologism in Greek.[14] In Zechariah 3 this changes the vision of the conflict over Joshua the High Priest in the Septuagint into a conflict between Jesus and the devil, identical with the Greek text of Matthew. Dead Sea scrolls and Pseudepigrapha In Enochic Judaism, the concept of Satan being an opponent of God and a chief evil figure in among demons, seems to have taken root in Jewish pseudepigrapha during the Second Temple period,[15] particularly in the apocalypses.[16] The Book of Enoch contains references to Satariel, thought also to be Sataniel and Satanel (etymology dating back to Babylonian origins). The similar spellings mirror that of his angelic brethren Michael, Raphael, Uriel and Gabriel, previous to the fall from Heaven. The Second Book of Enoch, also called the Slavonic Book of Enoch, contains references to a Watcher (Grigori) called Satanael.[17] It is a pseudepigraphic text of an uncertain date and unknown authorship. The text describes Satanael as being the prince of the Grigori who was cast out of heaven[18] and an evil spirit who knew the difference between what was righteous and sinful.[19] A similar story is found in the book of 1 Enoch; however, in that book, the leader of the Grigori is called Semjâzâ. In the Book of Wisdom, the devil is represented as the being who brought death into the world.[20] Mastema, in the Book of Jubilees, induces God to test Abraham through the sacrifice of Isaac. He is identical to Satan in both name and nature.[21] Rabbinical Judaism In Judaism, Satan is a term used since its earliest biblical contexts, to refer to a human opponent.[22] Occasionally, the term has been used to suggest evil influence opposing human beings as in the Jewish exegesis of the Yetzer hara (evil inclination Genesis 6:5). Micaiahs lying spirit in 1 Kings 22:22 is sometimes related. Thus, Satan is personified as a character in three different places of the Tenakh, serving as an accuser (Zechariah 3:1-2), a seducer (1 Chronicles 21:1), or as a heavenly persecutor who is among the sons of God (Job 2:1). In any case, Satan is always subordinate to the power of God, having a role in the divine plan. Satan is rarely mentioned in Tannaitic literature, but is found in Babylonian aggadah.[16] In Medieval Judaism, the Rabbis rejected these Enochic literary works into the Biblical canon, making every attempt to root them out.[15] Traditionalists and philosophers in medieval Judaism, adhered to rational theology, rejecting any belief in rebel or fallen angels, and viewing evil as abstract.[23] The Yetzer hara (evil inclination Genesis 6:5) is a more common motif for evil in rabbinical texts. Rabbinical scholarship on the Book of Job generally follows the Talmud and Maimonides as identifying the Adversary in the prologue of Job as a metaphor.[24] In Hasidic Judaism, the Kabbalah presents Satan as an agent of God whose function is to tempt one into sin, then turn around and accuse the sinner on high.[vague] The Chasidic Jews of the 18th century, associated ha-Satan with Baal Davar.[25] Dualism and Zoroastrianism See also: Angra Mainyu Some scholars see contact with religious dualism in Babylon, and early Zoroastrianism in particular, as having influenced Second Temple period Judaism, and consequently early Christianity.[26][27] Subsequent development of Satan as a deceiver has parallels with the evil spirit in Zoroastrianism, known as the Lie, who directs forces of darkness.[28] Christianity The Devil depicted in The Temptation of Christ, by Ary Scheffer, 1854. Main article: Devil in Christianity See also: War in Heaven In Christianity, terms that are synonymous with Satan include: The most common English synonym for Satan is Devil, which descends from Middle English devel, from Old English dēofol, that in turn represents an early Germanic borrowing of Latin diabolus (also the source of diabolical). This in turn was borrowed from Greek diabolos slanderer, from diaballein to slander: dia- across, through + ballein to hurl.[29] In the New Testament, Satan occurs more than 30 times in passages alongside Diabolos (Greek for the devil), referring to the same person or thing as Satan.[30] Beelzebub, meaning Lord of Flies, is the contemptuous name given in the Hebrew Bible and New Testament to a Philistine god whose original name has been reconstructed as most probably Baal Zabul, meaning Baal the Prince.[31] Satan is traditionally identified as the serpent who tempted Eve to eat the forbidden fruit; thus, Satan has often been depicted as a serpent. Justin Martyr, who was born around 100 C.E., was the first to postulate this association. According to Kelly, Justin makes this association casually, without giving an explanation for his reasoning. In Chapters 45 and 79 of Dialogue with Trypho, Justin identifies Satan and the Serpent, asserting that he tempted humankind for an unspecified sinful reason and was cursed as a result.[32] However, after Justin, the idea was promulgated by his student Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch, and somewhat later by Tertullian.[33] The Book of Revelation twice refers to the dragon, that ancient serpent, who is called the devil and Satan (12:9, 20:2). The Book of Revelation also refers to the deceiver, from which is derived the common epithet the great deceiver.[34] Other terms identified with Satan include the prince of this world in the Book of John 12:31, 14:30; the prince of the power of the air also called Meririm, and the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience in the Book of Ephesians 2:2; and the god of this world in 2 Corinthians 4:4.[35] From the fourth Century Lucifer is sometimes used in Christian theology to refer to Satan, as a result of identifying the fallen son of the dawn of Isaiah 14:12 with the accuser of other passages in the Old Testament. Satan as depicted in the Ninth Circle of Hell in Dante Alighieris Inferno, illustrated by Gustave Doré In traditional Christian understanding of the holy Hebrew scriptures, the Torah, Satan is a synonym for the Devil. For most Christians, he is believed to be an angel who rebelled against God—and also the one who spoke through the serpent and seduced Eve into disobeying Gods command. His ultimate goal is to lead people away from the love of God—to lead them to fallacies which God opposes. Satan is also identified as the accuser of Job, the tempter in the Gospels, the secret power of lawlessness in 2 Thessalonians 2:7, and the dragon in the Book of Revelation. Before his insurrection, Satan was among the highest of all angels and the brightest in the sky. His pride is considered a reason why he would not bow to God as all other angels did, but sought to rule heaven himself. The popularly held beliefs that Satan was once an angel who becomes prideful and eventually rebels against God, however, are not portrayed explicitly in the Bible and are mostly based on inference (e.g., Ezekiel 28 and Isaiah 14:12–17). In mainstream Christianity he is called the ruler of the demons (Matthew 12:24), the ruler of the world and the god of this world (2 Cor. 4:4). The Book of Revelation describes how Satan will be cast out of Heaven, down to the earth, having great anger and waging war against those who obey Gods commandments and hold to the testimony of Jesus. Ultimately, Satan is thrown into the lake of fire, not as ruler, but as one among many, being tormented day and night forever and ever.[36] The early Christian church encountered opposition from pagans such as Celsus who claimed it is blasphemy...to say that the greatest God...has an adversary who constrains his capacity to do good and says that Christians impiously divide the kingdom of God, creating a rebellion in it, as if there were opposing factions within the divine, including one that is hostile to God.[37] In other Christian beliefs (e.g. the beliefs of the Christadelphians) the word satan in the Bible is not regarded as referring to a supernatural, personal being but to any adversary and figuratively refers to human sin and temptation.[38] Islam Main article: Devil (Islam) Shaitan (شيطان) is the equivalent of Satan in Islam. While Shaitan (شيطان, from the root šṭn شطن) is an adjective (meaning astray or distant, sometimes translated as devil) that can be applied to both man (al-ins, الإنس) and Jinn, Iblis (Arabic pronunciation: [ˈibliːs]) is the personal name of the Devil who is mentioned in the Quranic account of Genesis.[39] According to the Quran, Iblis (the Arabic name used) disobeyed an order from Allah to bow to Adam and as a result was forced out of heaven and given respite until the day of judgment from further punishment. When Allah commanded all of the angels to bow down before Adam (the first Human), Iblis, full of hubris and jealousy, refused to obey Gods command (he could do so because he had free will), seeing Adam as being inferior in creation due to his being created from clay as compared to him (created of fire).[40] It is We Who created you and gave you shape; then We bade the angels prostrate to Adam, and they prostrate; not so Iblis (Lucifer); He refused to be of those who prostrate. (Allah) said: What prevented thee from prostrating when I commanded thee? He said: I am better than he: Thou didst create me from fire, and him from clay. Quran 7:11–12 It was after this that the title of Shaitan was given, which can be roughly translated as Enemy, Rebel, Evil or Devil. Shaitan then claims that if the punishment for his act of disobedience is to be delayed until the Day of Judgment, that he will divert many of Adams own descendants from the straight path during his period of respite.[41] God accepts the claims of Iblis and guarantees recompense to Iblis and his followers in the form of Hellfire. In order to test mankind and jinn alike, Allah allowed Iblis to roam the earth to attempt to convert others away from his path.[42] He was sent to earth along with Adam and Eve, after eventually luring them into eating the fruit from the forbidden tree.[43] Yazidism An alternate name for the main deity in the tentatively Indo-European pantheon of the Yazidi, Malek Taus, is Shaitan.[44] Rather than Satanic, however, Yazidism is better understood as a remnant of a pre-Islamic Middle Eastern Indo-European religion, and/or a ghulat Sufi movement founded by Shaykh Adi. The connection with Satan, originally made by Muslim outsiders, attracted the interest of 19th century European travelers and esoteric writers. Baháí Faith In the Baháí Faith, Satan is not regarded as an independent evil power as he is in some faiths, but signifies the lower nature of humans. `Abdul-Bahá explains: This lower nature in man is symbolized as Satan — the evil ego within us, not an evil personality outside.[45][46] All other evil spirits described in various faith traditions such as fallen angels, demons and jinns are also metaphors for the base character traits a human being may acquire and manifest when he turns away from God.[47] Satanism Main article: Satanism Satanic groups have various opinions about Satan, ranging from the conviction that he exists and ought to be worshipped (theistic Satanism), to Anton Szandor LaVeys symbolic interpretation, which emphasizes individual will and pleasure-seeking. In Theistic Satanism, Satan is considered a positive force and deity who is either worshipped or revered.[48] In LaVeyan Satanism, Satan is regarded as holding virtuous characteristics.[49] Much modern Satanic lore does not originate from theistic or LaVeyan Satanism, but from traditional Christian folk beliefs coupled with contemporary urban legends. An example is the Satanic ritual abuse scare of the 1980s — beginning with the memoir Michelle Remembers — which depicted Satanism as a vast conspiracy of elites with a predilection for child abuse and human sacrifice. This genre frequently describes Satan as physically incarnating in order to receive worship. See also Lucifer Pan (god) Baphomet Yazdânism Notes Jump up ^ Satan under Funk and Wagnalls Jewish Encyclopedia result - jewishencyclopedia Jump up ^ Merriam-Websters Encyclopedia of World Religions - Page 290, Wendy Doniger Jump up ^ Leeming, David Adams (2005). The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford University Press. p. 347. ISBN 978-0-19-515669-0. Jump up ^ Contemporary Religious Satanisim: A Critical Reader, Jesper Aagaard Petersen - 2009 Jump up ^ Whos ? Right: Mankind, Religions and the End Times - Page 35, Kelly Warman-Stallings - 2012 Jump up ^ ed. Buttrick, George Arthur; ‘’The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, An illustrated Encyclopedia’’ Jump up ^ Crenshaw, James L. ‘’Harper Collins Study Bible’’ (NRSV) Jump up ^ Stephen M. Hooks – 2007 As in Zechariah 3:1–2 the term here carries the definite article (hassatan=the satan) and functions not as a ... the only place in the Hebrew Bible where the term Satan is unquestionably used as a proper name is 1 Chronicles 21:1. ^ Jump up to: a b Coogan, Michael D.; ‘’A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in its context’’ Jump up ^ Rachel Adelman The Return of the Repressed: Pirqe De-Rabbi Eliezer p65 However, in the parallel versions of the story in Chronicles, it is Satan (without the definite article), Jump up ^ Septuagint 108:6 κατάστησον ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν ἁμαρτωλόν καὶ διάβολος στήτω ἐκ δεξιῶν αὐτοῦ Jump up ^ Ruth R. Brand Adam and Eve p88 – 2005 Later, however, King Hadad 1 Kings 11:14) and King Rezon (verses 23, ... Numbers 22:22, 23 does not use the definite article but identifies the angel of YHWH as a satan. Jump up ^ HarperCollins Study Bible (NRSV) Jump up ^ Henry Ansgar Kelly Satan: a biography 2006 However, for Hadad and Rezon they left the Hebrew term untranslated and simply said satan.. in the three passages in which a supra-Human satan appears: namely, Numbers, Job, Zechariah ^ Jump up to: a b Jackson, David R. (2004). Enochic Judaism. London: T&T Clark International. pp. 2–4. ISBN 0826470890. ^ Jump up to: a b Berlin, editor in chief, Adele (2011). The Oxford dictionary of the Jewish religion (2nd ed. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 651. ISBN 0199730040. Jump up ^ 2 Enoch 18:3. On this tradition, see A. Orlov, The Watchers of Satanael: The Fallen Angels Traditions in 2 (Slavonic) Enoch, in: A. Orlov, Dark Mirrors: Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology (Albany: SUNY, 2011)85-106. Jump up ^ And I threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless - 2 Enoch 29:4 Jump up ^ The devil is the evil spirit of the lower places, as a fugitive he made Sotona from the heavens as his name was Satanail, thus he became different from the angels, but his nature did not change his intelligence as far as his understanding of righteous and sinful things – 2 Enoch 31:4 Jump up ^ See The Book of Wisdom: With Introduction and Notes, p. 27, Object of the book, by A. T. S. Goodrick. Jump up ^ [ Introduction to the Book of Jubilees, 15. Theology. Some of our Authors Views: Demonology, by R.H. Charles. Jump up ^ Based on the Jewish exegesis of 1 Samuel 29:4 and 1 Kings 5:18 - Oxford dictionary of the Jewish religion, 2011, p.651 Satan is rarely mentioned in tannaitic literature; later, chiefly Babylonian, aggadah enlarges the scope of his influence and activities. Perhaps because of the influential presence of Satan as a name or character in the New Testament and the Jump up ^ Bamberger, Bernard J. (2006). Fallen angels : soldiers of satans realm (1. paperback ed. ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Jewish Publ. Soc. of America. p. 148,149. ISBN 0827607970. Jump up ^ Robert Eisen Associate Professor of Religious Studies George Washington University The Book of Job in Medieval Jewish Philosophy 2004 p120 Moreover, Zerahfiiah gives us insight into the parallel between the Garden of Eden story and the Job story alluded to ... both Satan and Jobs wife are metaphors for the evil inclination, a motif Zerahfiiah seems to identify with the imagination. Jump up ^ The Dictionary of Angels by Gustav Davidson, © 1967 Jump up ^ Jeffrey Burton Russell The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive ...1977 - Page 102 This conflict between truth and the lie was one of the main sources of Zarathushtras dualism: the prophet perceived Angra Mainyu, the lord of evil, as the personification of the lie. For Zoroastrians (as for the Egyptians), the lie was the essence ... Jump up ^ Peter Clark -Zoroastrianism: An Introduction to Ancient Faith 1998 -- Page 152 There are so many features that Zoroastrianism seems to share with the Judeo-Christian tradition that it would be difficult to ... Historically the first point of contact that we can determine is when the Achaemenian Cyrus conquered Babylon ..539 BC Jump up ^ Winn, Shan M.M. (1995). Heaven, heroes, and happiness : the Indo-European roots of Western ideology. Lanham, Md.: University press of America. p. 203. ISBN 0819198609. Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary: Devil. Retrieved 2006-05-31. Jump up ^ Revelation 12:9 Jump up ^ K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, Baalzebub, Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible, p.155 Jump up ^ Kelly, Harry Ansgar (2007). Satan: a Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-521-84339-3. Jump up ^ Kelly, Harry Ansgar (2007). Satan: a Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-521-84339-3. Jump up ^ B. W. Johnson ([1891]). The Revelation of John. Chapter XX. The Millennium.. The Peoples New Testament. Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved November 30, 2009. Jump up ^ 2 Corinthians 4:4 Jump up ^ Revelation 20:10 Jump up ^ Origen. Contra Celsum. Book 6. Ch 42. Jump up ^ Do you Believe in a Devil?. Retrieved 2007-05-29. Jump up ^ Iblis Jump up ^ [Quran 17:61]; [Quran 2:34] Jump up ^ [Quran 17:62] Jump up ^ [Quran 17:63–64] Jump up ^ [Quran 7:20–22] Jump up ^ Drower, E.S. The Peacock Angel. Being Some Account of Votaries of a Secret Cult and their Sanctuaries. London: John Murray, 1941. [1] Jump up ^ ʻAbduʾl-Bahá (1982) [1912]. The Promulgation of Universal Peace. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháí Publishing Trust. pp. 294–295. ISBN 0-87743-172-8. Jump up ^ Smith, Peter (2000). A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháí Faith. Oxford, UK: Oneworld. pp. 135–136, 304. ISBN 1-85168-184-1. Jump up ^ Smith, Peter (2008). An Introduction to the Bahai Faith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 112. ISBN 0-521-86251-5. Jump up ^ The Illuminati: Facts & Fiction - Page 98 Jump up ^ Contemporary religious Satanism: a critical anthology - Page 45, Jesper Aagaard Petersen - 2009 References Bamberger, Bernard J. (2006). Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satans Realm. Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 0-8276-0797-0. Caldwell, William. The Doctrine of Satan: I. In the Old Testament, The Biblical World, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan., 1913), pp. 29–33 in JSTOR Caldwell, William. The Doctrine of Satan: II. Satan in Extra-Biblical Apocalyptical Literature, The Biblical World, Vol. 41, No. 2 (Feb., 1913), pp. 98–102 in JSTOR Caldwell, William. The Doctrine of Satan: III. In the New Testament, The Biblical World, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Mar., 1913), pp. 167–172 in JSTOR Coogan, Michael D.; ‘’A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in its context’’; Oxford University Press 2009 Crenshaw, James L. ‘’Harper Collins Study Bible’’Harper Collins, 1989 Empson, William. Miltons God (1966) Forsyth, Neil (1987). The Old Enemy: Satan & the Combat Myth. Princeton University Press; Reprint edition. ISBN 0-691-01474-4. Forsyth, Neil (1987). The Satanic Epic. Princeton University Press; Reprint edition. ISBN 0-691-11339-4. Gentry, Kenneth L. Jr (2002). The Beast of Revelation. American Vision. ISBN 0-915815-41-9. Graves, Kersey (1995). Biography of Satan: Exposing the Origins of the Devil. Book Tree. ISBN 1-885395-11-6. ‘’The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, An illustrated Encyclopedia’’;ed. Buttrick, George Arthur; Abingdon Press 1962 Jacobs, Joseph, and Ludwig Blau. Satan, The Jewish Encyclopedia (1906) online pp 68–71 Kelly, Henry Ansgar. Satan: A Biography. (2006). 360 pp. excerpt and text search ISBN 0-521-60402-8, a study of the Bible and Western literature Kent, William. Devil. The Catholic Encyclopedia (1908) Vol. 4. online older article Osborne, B. A. E. Peter: Stumbling-Block and Satan, Novum Testamentum, Vol. 15, Fasc. 3 (Jul., 1973), pp. 187–190 in JSTOR on Get thee behind me, Satan! Pagels, Elaine (1995). The Origin of Satan. Vintage; Reprint edition. ISBN 0-679-72232-7. Rebhorn Wayne A. The Humanist Tradition and Miltons Satan: The Conservative as Revolutionary, Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900, Vol. 13, No. 1, The English Renaissance (Winter, 1973), pp. 81–93 in JSTOR Rudwin, Maximilian (1970). The Devil in Legend and Literature. Open Court. ISBN 0-87548-248-1. Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity (1987) excerpt and text search Russell, Jeffrey Burton. Satan: The Early Christian Tradition (1987) excerpt and text search Russell, Jeffrey Burton. Lucifer: The Devil in the Middle Ages (1986) excerpt and text search Russell, Jeffrey Burton. Mephistopheles: The Devil in the Modern World (1990) excerpt and text search Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The Prince of Darkness: Radical Evil and the Power of Good in History (1992) excerpt and text search Schaff, D. S. Devil in New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (1911), Mainline Protestant; vol 3 pp 414–417 online Scott, Miriam Van. The Encyclopedia of Hell (1999) excerpt and text search comparative religions; also popular culture Wray, T. J. and Gregory Mobley. The Birth of Satan: Tracing the Devils Biblical Roots (2005) excerpt and text search External links Look up Satan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Satan Wikimedia Commons has media related to Satan. Catholic Encyclopedia Jewish Encyclopedia Internet Infidels – The Implausibility of Satan by Paul Doland Sacred Texts site hosts texts—scriptures, literature and scholarly works—on Satan, Satanism and related religious matters A Generational Theistic perspective on Satan, Lucifer and Satanas-Luciferi [show] v t e Characters and names in the Quran Categories: Abrahamic mythologyChristian mythologyIndividual angelsDemons in ChristianityFallen angelsSatanismHellSatan
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