Sense - Wikipedia Senses are physiological capacities of organisms that provide data for perception. The senses and their operation, classification, and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields, most notably neuroscience, cognitive psychology (or cognitive science), and philosophy of perception. The nervous system has a specific sensory system or organ, dedicated to each sense. Physiology (/ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi/; from Ancient Greek φύσις (physis), meaning nature, origin, and -λογία (-logia), meaning study of; is the scientific study of functions in living systems. This includes how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and bio-molecules that carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system. Philosophy of perception - Wikipedia The philosophy of perception is concerned with the nature of perceptual experience and the status of perceptual data, in particular how they relate to beliefs about, or knowledge of, the world. Any explicit account of perception requires a commitment to one of a variety of ontological or metaphysical views. Philosophers distinguish internalist accounts, which assume that perceptions of objects, and knowledge or beliefs about them, are aspects of an individuals mind, and externalist accounts, which state that they constitute real aspects of the world external to the individual. The position of naïve realism — the everyday impression of physical objects constituting what is perceived — is to some extent contradicted by the occurrence of perceptual illusions and hallucinations and the relativity of perceptual experience as well as certain insights in science. Realist conceptions include phenomenalism, and direct and indirect realism. Anti-realist conceptions include idealism and skepticism. Ontology - Wikipedia Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and how they relate. Metaphysics - Wikipedia Metaphysics is a traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it, although the term is not easily defined.Traditionally, metaphysics attempts to answer two basic questions in the broadest possible terms: • What is ultimately there? • What is it like? A person who studies metaphysics is called a metaphysicist or a metaphysician. The metaphysician attempts to clarify the fundamental notions by which people understand the world, e.g., existence, objects and their properties, space and time, cause and effect, and possibility. A central branch of metaphysics is ontology, the investigation into the basic categories of being and how they relate to each other. Another central branch of metaphysics is cosmology, the study of the origin and fundamental structure, nature, and dynamics of the universe. In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense, idealism emphasizes how human ideas—especially beliefs and values—shape society. As an ontological doctrine, idealism goes further, asserting that all entities are composed of mind or spirit. Epistemology (i/ɨˌpɪstɨˈmɒlədʒi/ from Greek ἐπιστήμη, epistēmē, meaning knowledge, understanding, and λόγος, logos, meaning study of) is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge and is also referred to as theory of knowledge. It questions what knowledge is and how it can be acquired, and the extent to which knowledge pertinent to any given subject or entity can be acquired. Much of the debate in this field has focused on the philosophical analysis of the nature of knowledge and how it relates to connected assertions such as truth, belief, and justification.
Posted on: Fri, 22 Nov 2013 19:23:46 +0000
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