Sindh From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Sind redirects here. For other uses, see Sind (disambiguation). For the historical province, see Sind Province (1936–1955). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) سنڌ Sindh سِندھ Province Flag Logo Location of Sindh in Pakistan Map of Sindh, Pakistan Coordinates: 26.1°N 68.5°ECoordinates: 26.1°N 68.5°E Country Pakistan Established 1 July 1970 Capital Karachi Largest city Karachi Government • Type Province • Body Provincial Assembly • Governor Ishrat ul Ibad (MQM) • Chief Minister Qaim Ali Shah (Pakistan Peoples Party) • High Court Sindh High Court Area • Total 140,914 km2 (54,407 sq mi) Population (2012 census preliminary)[1] • Total 42,400,000 • Density 300/km2 (780/sq mi) pwdsindh.gov.pk/ Time zone PKT (UTC+5) Main Language(s) Urdu (National) English (Official) Sindhi (Provincial) Other languages: Saraiki, Kutchi, Memoni, Haryanvi, Punjabi, Brahui, Baluchi[2][3] Assembly seats 168[4] Districts 24 Towns 119 Union Councils 1108[5] Website sindh.gov.pk This article contains Sindhi text, written from right to left with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters written left-to-right, instead of right-to-left or other symbols instead of Sindhi script. This article contains Urdu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols instead of Urdu script. Sindh /sɪnd/ (Sindhi: سنڌ; Urdu: سندھ; Latin: Indus; Ancient Greek: Ἰνδός Indós, Sanskrit: Sindhu) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the Mehran and has been given the title of Bab-ul-Islam (The gateway of Islam).[6] The name of Sindh is derived from the Indus River that separates it from Balochistan and the greater Iranian Plateau. This river was known to the ancient Iranians in Avestan as Hindu, in Sanskrit as Sindhu, to Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BC) as Sinda, to the Greeks as Indos, to the Romans as Indus, to the Persians as Ab-e-sind, to the Pashtuns as Abasind, to the Arabs as Al-Hind, to the Chinese as Sintow, and to the Javanese as the Santri. Sindh is bounded to the west by the Indus River and Balochistan, to the north by Punjab, the east by the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan and to the south by the Arabian Sea. The capital of the province is Karachi, Pakistans largest city and financial hub. Most of the population in the province is Muslim, with sizable Hindu minorities. The main language spoken is Sindhi by about 26 million people, while there exists a significant Urdu-speaking minority of about 8 million. Contents [hide] 1 Origin of the name 2 History 2.1 Prehistoric period 2.2 Arrival of Islam 2.3 Soomro period 2.4 Samma period 2.5 Kalhoro and Mughal period 2.6 British Raj 2.7 Pakistan Resolution in the Sindh Assembly 2.8 Creation of Pakistan 3 Geography and climate 4 Flora and fauna 5 Demographics and society 5.1 Religion 6 Government 6.1 Districts 7 Major cities 8 Economy 9 Education 10 Culture 10.1 Arts and crafts 10.2 Cultural heritage 11 Languages 11.1 Sindhi language 11.2 Urdu language 11.3 Saraiki language 11.4 Parkari Koli language 12 Places of interest 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Origin of the name[edit] The province of Sindh and the people inhabiting the region are named after the river known as the Sindhu before partition and now called the Indus River. In Sanskrit, síndhu means river, stream, and refers to the Indus river in particular. The Greeks who conquered Sindh in 325 BC under the command of Alexander the Great rendered it as Indós, hence the modern Indus. The ancient Iranians referred to everything east of the river Indus as hind from the word Sindh. When the British arrived in the 17th century, they followed that regional example and applied the Greek name for Sindh to the entire subcontinent, calling it India. History[edit] Main article: History of Sindh Prehistoric period[edit] Extent and major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization in pre-modern Pakistan and India 3000 BC. The Priest King from Mohenjo-daro, more than 4000 years old, located in National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan. Sindhs first known village settlements date as far back as 7000 BCE. Permanent settlements at Mehrgarh to the west expanded into Sindh. This culture blossomed over several millennia and gave rise to the Indus Valley Civilization around 3000 BCE. The Indus Valley Civilization rivaled the contemporary civilizations of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in both size and scope, numbering nearly half a million inhabitants at its height with well-planned grid cities and sewer systems. The Indus Valley civilization is the farthest known outpost of archaeology in prehistoric times. Evidence of a new element of pre-Harappan culture has been traced here. When the primitive village communities in Balochistan were still struggling against a difficult highland environment, a highly cultured people were trying to assert themselves at Kot Diji. This was one of the most developed urban civilizations of the ancient world. It flourished between the 25th century BC and 1500 BC in the Indus valley sites of Moenjodaro and Harappa. The people had a high standard of art and craftsmanship and a well-developed system of quasi-pictographic writing which remains un-deciphered despite ceaseless efforts. The remarkable ruins of the beautifully planned towns, the brick buildings of the common people, roads, public baths and the covered drainage system suggest a highly organized community. According to some accounts, there is no evidence of large palaces or burial grounds for the elite. The grand and presumably holy site might have been the great bath, which is built upon an artificially created elevation.[7] This indigenous civilization collapsed around 1700 BC. The cause is hotly debated, and may have been a massive earthquake, which dried up the Ghaggar River. Skeletons discovered in the ruins of Mohen Jo Daro (mount of dead) indicate that the city was suddenly attacked and the population was wiped out.[8] Part of a series on Sindhis Etymology · History Language · Culture · Cuisine · Diaspora · Sindhology Tribes · Media Kingdoms (Indus Valley civilization · Sindhu Rai · Soomra Samma · Kalhora Talpur) · v t e Sindh finds mention in the Hindu epic Mahabharatha as being part of Bharatvarsha. Sindh was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire in the sixth century BC. In the late 300s BC, Sindh was conquered by a mixed army led by Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great. The region remained under control of Greek satraps for only a few decades. After Alexanders death, there was a brief period of Seleucid rule, before Sindh was traded to the Mauryan Empire led by Chandragupta in 305 BC. During the rule of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, the Buddhist religion spread to Sindh. Mauryan rule ended in 185 BC with the overthrow of the last king by the Sunga Dynasty. In the disorder that followed, Greek rule returned when Demetrius I of Bactria led a Greco-Bactrian invasion of India and annexed most of northwestern lands, including Sindh. Demetrius was later defeated and killed by a usurper, but his descendants continued to rule Sindh and other lands as the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Under the reign of Menander I many Indo-Greeks followed his example and converted to Buddhism. In the late 100s BC, Scythian tribes shattered the Greco-Bactrian empire and invaded the Indo-Greek lands. Unable to take the Punjab region, they seized Sistan and invaded South Asia through Sindh, where they became known as Indo-Scythians (later Western Satraps). By the first century AD, the Tocharian Kushan Empire annexed Sindh. Though the Kushans were Zoroastrian due to their former contacts with Persians, they were tolerant of the local Buddhist tradition and sponsored many building projects for local beliefs. Ahirs were also found in large numbers in Sindh.[9] Abiria country of Abhira tribe was located in southern Sindh.[10][11] The Kushan Empire was defeated in the mid 200s AD by the Sassanid Empire of Persia, who installed vassals known as the Kushanshahs. These rulers were defeated by the Kidarites in the late 300s. It then came under Gupta Empire after dealing with the Sassanids. By the late 400s, attacks by Hephthalite tribes known as the Indo-Hephthalites or Hunas (Huns) broke through the Gupta Empires north-western borders and overran much of northwestern India. Later, Sindh came under the rule of Emperor Harshavardhan, then the Rai Dynasty around 478 AD. The Rais were overthrown by Chachar of Alor around 632. The Brahman dynasty ruled a vast territory that stretched from Multan in the north to the Rann of Kutch, Alor was their capital. Arrival of Islam[edit] A manuscript written during the Abbasid Era. In 711 AD, Muhammad bin Qasim led an Umayyad force of 20,000 cavalry and 5 catapults. Muhammad bin Qasim defeated the Raja Dahir, and captured the cities of Alor, Multan and Debal. Sindh became the easternmost province of the Umayyad Caliphate and was referred to as Al-Sindh on Arab maps, with lands further east known as Hind. Muhammad bin Qasim built the city of Mansura as his capital; the city then produced famous historical figures such as Abu Mashar Sindhi, Abu Ata al-Sindhi,[12] Abu Raja Sindhi and Sind ibn Ali. At the port city of Debal most of the Bawarij embraced Islam and became known as Sindhi Sailors; they became famous due to their skills in navigation, geography and languages. After Bin Qasim left the Umayyads ruled Sindh through the Habbari dynasty. By the year 750 AD, Debal was second only to Basra; Sindhi sailors from the port city of Debal voyaged to Basra, Bushehr, Musqat, Aden, Kilwa, Zanzibar, Sofala, Malabar, Sri Lanka and Java (where Sindhi merchants were known as the Santri). During the power struggle between the Umayyads and the Abbasids. The Habbari Dynasty became semi independent and was eliminated and Mansura was invaded by Mahmud Ghaznavi. Sindh then became an eastern most province of the Abbasid Caliphate ruled by the Soomro Dynasty until the Siege of Baghdad (1258). It should be noted that Mansura was the first capital of the Soomra Dynasty and the last of the Habbari dynasty. Muslim geographers, historians and travelers such as al-Masudi, Ibn Hawqal, Istakhri, Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, al-Tabari, Baladhuri, Nizami,[13] al-Biruni, Saadi Shirazi, Ibn Battutah and Katip Çelebi[14] wrote about or visited the region, sometimes using the name Sindh for the entire area from the Arabian Sea to the Hindu Kush. Soomro period[edit] When Sindh was under the Umayyad Caliphate, the Habbari dynasty was in control. The Umayyads appointed Aziz al Habbari as the governor of Sindh. Habbaris ruled Sindh until Mahmud Ghaznavi defeated the Habbaris in 112O. Mahmud Ghaznavi viewed the Abbasids to be the Caliphs thus he removed the remaining influence of the Umayyad Caliphate in the region and Sindh fell to Abbasid control following the defeat of the Habbaris. The Abbasid Caliphate then made Al Khafif from Samarra; the term Soomro means of Samarra in Sindhi. The new governor of Sindh was to create a better, stronger and stable government. Once he became the governor he allotted several key positions to his family and friends; thus Al-Khafif or Sardar Khafif Soomro formed the Soomro Dynasty in Sindh and became its first king. Until the Siege of Baghdad (1258) the Soomro dynasty was the Abbasid Caliphates functionary in Sindh, but after that it became independent. Since then some Soomras intermarried with local women and adopted some local customs as well. They were the first Muslims to translate the Quran into the Sindhi language. When the Soomro Dynasty lost ties with the Abbasid Caliphate after the Siege of Baghdad (1258) the Soomra King Dodo-1, established their rule from the shores of the Arabian Sea to the punjab in the north and in the east to Rajistan and in the west to Balochistan. The Soomros were one of the first Muslims in Sindh. They created a chivalrous culture in Sindh which eventually facilitated their rule centered at Mansura. Puran was later abandoned due to changes in the course of the Puran River; they ruled for the next 95 years until 1351 AD. During this period, Kutch was ruled by the Samma Dynasty, who enjoyed good relations with the Soomras in Sindh. Since the Soomro Dynasty lost its support from the Abbasid Caliphate, the Sultans of Delhi wanted a piece of Sindh. The Soomros successfully defended their kingdom for about 36 years but their dynasties soon fell to the might of the massive Sultans of Delhi armies such as the Tughluks and the Khiljis. Samma period[edit] The Samma period is known for pioneering of Sindhi folklore and literature. In 1339 Jam Unar founded a Sindhi Muslim Samma Dynasty and challenged the Sultans of Delhi. he used the title of the Sultan of Sindh. The Samma tribe reached its peak during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II (also known by the nickname Jám Nindó). During his reign from 1461 to 1509, Nindó greatly expanded the new capital of Thatta and its Makli hills, which replaced Debal. He also patronized Sindhi art, architecture and culture. The Samma had left behind a popular legacy especially in architecture, music and art. Important court figures included the famous poet Kazi Kadal, Sardar Darya Khan, Moltus Khan, Makhdoom Bilwal and the theologian Kazi Kazan. However, Thatta was a port city; unlike garrison towns, it could not mobilize large armies against the Arghun and Tarkhan Mongol invaders, who killed many regional Sindhi Mirs and Amirs loyal to the Samma. Some Parts of sindh still remained under the Sultans of Delhi and the ruthless Arghuns and the Tarkhans sacked Thatta during the rule of Jam Ferozudin. Kalhoro and Mughal period[edit] The famous Pacco Qillo became one of the largest military garrisons in the region during the Mughal Era. In the year 1524, the few remaining Sindhi Amirs welcomed the Mughal Empire and Babur dispatched his forces to defeat the Arghuns and the Tarkhans, who had violated the liberties of the inhabitants of the province. In the coming centuries Sindh became a region fiercely loyal to the Mughals. A network of forts manned by cavalry and musketeers further extended Mughal power in Sindh.[15][16] In 1540 a deadly mutiny by Sher Shah Suri forced the Mughal Emperor Humayun to withdraw to Sindh, where he joined the Sindhi Emir Hussein Umrani. In 1541 Humayun married Hamida Banu Begum. She gave birth to the infant Akbar at Umarkot in the year 1542. In 1556 the Ottoman Admiral Seydi Ali Reis visited Humayun; various regions of the South Asia including Sindh (Makran coast and the Mehran delta) are mentioned in his book Mirat ul Memalik. The Portuguese navigator Fernão Mendes Pinto claims that Sindhi sailors joined the Ottoman Admiral Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis on his expedetion to Aceh in 1565.[15][17] During the reign of Akbar, Sindh produced various scholars such as and others such as Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi, Tahir Muhammad Thattvi and Mir Ali Sir Thattvi and the Mughal chronicler Abul-Fazl ibn Mubarak and his brother the poet Faizi was a descendant of a Sindhi Shaikh family from Rel, Siwistan in Sindh. Abul-Fazl ibn Mubarak was the author of Akbarnama (an official biographical account of Akbar) and the Ain-i-Akbari (a detailed document recording the administration of the Mughal Empire). It was also during the Mughal period when Sindhi literature began to flourish and historical figures such as Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai and Sachal Sarmast became prominent throughout the land. In the year 1603 Shah Jahan visited the province of Sindh; at Thatta he was generously welcomed by the locals after the death of his father Jahangir. Shah Jahan ordered the construction of the Shahjahan Mosque, which was completed during the early years of his rule under the supervision of Mirza Ghazi Beg. Also during his reign, in the year 1659 in the Mughal Empire, Muhammad Salih Tahtawi of Thatta created a seamless celestial globe with Arabic and Persian inscriptions using a wax casting method.[18][19] Sindh was also home to very famous wealthy merchant-rulers such as Mir Bejar of Sindh, whose great wealth had attracted the alliance of Sultan bin Ahmad of Oman.[20] After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire and its institutions began to decline. Various warring Nawabs took control of vast territories; they ruled independently of the Mughal Emperor. In the year 1701 the Nawab Kalhora were authorized in a firman by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to administer the province of Sindh. In 1739, Main Noor Mohammad Kalhoro challenged the invader Nadir Shah but failed according to legend. To avenge the massacre of his allies, the capture of Main Noor Mohammad Kalhoro and the abduction of his sons.Main Noor Mohammad Kalhoro sent a small force to assassinate Nadir Shah and turn events in favor of the Mughal Emperor during the Battle of Karnal in 1739, but remained unsuccessful. In 1762, Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro brought stability in Sindh, he reorganized the province and independently defeated the Marathas and their prominent vassal the Rao of Kuch in the Thar Desert and returned victoriously. After the Sikhs annexed Multan, the Kalhora Dynasty supported counterattacks against the Sikhs and defined their borders, however due to the lack of internal stability the Kalhoras could not continue further conquests.[21] In the year 1783 Mughal Emperor Akbar Shah II issued a firman, which designated Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur baloch as the new Nawab of Sindh, and mediated peace particularly after the ferocious Battle of Halani and the defeat of the ruling Kalhora by the Talpur baloch tribes.[22] British Raj[edit] Mir Nasir Khan Talpur before the Battle of Miani. Sindh became part of the Bombay Presidency in 1909. In 1802 as Mir Ghulam Ali Khan Talpur succeeded as the Nawab internal tension broke out in the province and in 1803, prompting the Maratha Empire to declare a war of aggression against Sindh and Berar Subah, in which Arthur Wellesley took a leading role — causing much early suspicion between the Emirs of Sindh and the British Empire.[23] The British East India Company made its first contacts in the Sindhi port city of Thatta, which according to a report was: a city as large as London containing 50,000 houses which were made of stone and mortar with large verandahs some three or four stories high ... the city has 3,000 looms ... the textiles of Sindh were the flower of the whole produce of the East, the international commerce of Sindh gave it a place among that of Nations, Thatta has 400 schools and 4,000 Dhows at its docks, the city is guarded by well armed Sepoys. British and Bengal Presidency forces under General Charles James Napier arrived in Sindh in the nineteenth century and conquered Sindh in 1843. General Napier was famously supposed to have reported his conquest of the province to his superiors with the one-word message peccavi, a pun relying on the Latin words meaning, I have sinned, homophonous to I have Sindh.[24] The Sindhi coalition led by Talpurs and other Sindhi tribes under Mir Nasir Khan Talpur were defeated in the Battle of Miani, during which 5,000 Sindhis were killed. Shortly afterward, Hoshu Sheedi commanded another army at the Battle of Dubbo, where 5,000 Sindhis were killed. The first Agha Khan helped the British in their conquest of Sindh. As result he was granted a lifetime pension. A British journal[25] by Thomas Postans mentions the captive Sindhi Amirs: The Amirs as being the prisoners of Her Majesty... they are maintained in strict seclusion; they are described as Broken-Hearted and Miserable men, maintaining much of the dignity of fallen greatness, and without any querulous or angry complaining at this unlivable source of sorrow, refusing to be comforted. Within weeks, Charles Napier and his forces occupied Sindh. After 1853, the British divided Sindh into districts. Sindh was forced to become a part of the Hindu dominated Bombay Presidency. In a highly controversial move, Sindh was later made part of British Indias Bombay Presidency — much to the surprise of the local population, who found the decision highly offensive. A powerful unrest followed, after which 12 martial laws were imposed by the British authorities. Finally the decision was reversed by the British administration and Sindh became a separate province in 1935. Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi pioneered the famous Sindhi Muslim Hur Freedom Movement against colonialists for the freedom of Sindh. Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi was hanged on 20 March 1943 in Hyderabad, Sindh. His burial place is not known. During the British period, railways, printing presses and bridges were introduced in the province. Writers like Mirza Kalich Beg compiled and traced the literary history of Sindh. Pakistan Resolution in the Sindh Assembly[edit] Muhammad Ali Jinnah, spoke five languages including Sindhi, Kutchi, Urdu, Gujarati, and English The Sindh assembly was the first British Indian legislature to pass the resolution in favour of Pakistan. Influential Sindhi activists under supervision of G.M. Syed and other important leaders at the forefront of the provincial autonomy movement, joined the Muslim League in 1938 and presented the Pakistan resolution in the Sindh Assembly. In 1890 Sindh acquired representation for the first time in the Bombay Legislative Assembly. Four members represented Sindh. Those leaders and many others from Sindh played an important role in ensuring the separation of Sindh from the Bombay Presidency, which finally took place on 1 April 1936. The newly created province, Sindh, secured a Legislative Assembly of its own, elected on the basis of communal and minorities representation. Sir Lancelot Graham was appointed as the first Governor of Sindh by the British Government on 1 April 1936. He was also the Head of the Council, which comprised 25 Members, including two advisors from the Bombay Council to administer the affairs of Sindh until 1937. The British ruled the area for a century. According to Richard Burton[citation needed], Sindh was one of the most restive provinces during the British Raj and was at least original home to many prominent Muslim leaders such as Ubaidullah Sindhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah (neither of whom were Sindhi) who strove for greater Muslim autonomy.At the 27th Session of the Muslim League at Lahore on March 23, 1940, Sir Haji Abdullah Haroon was those personalities who spoke and endorsed the Pakistan Resolution from the Muslim peoples of sindh. Creation of Pakistan[edit] On 14 August 1947, Pakistan was created according to the two nation theory. The province of Sindh attained self-rule for the first time since the defeat of Sindhi Talpur Amirs in the Battle of Miani on 17 February 1843. The first major challenge faced by the Government of Pakistan was the settlement of over 2 million Muhajirs from India who began migrating into newly created Pakistan. In 1947 Sindh joined Pakistan by vote of members of legislature. Geography and climate[edit] Main articles: Geography of Sindh and Climate of Sindh Gorakh Hill Top Peninsula of Manora Sindh is located on the western corner of South Asia, bordering the Iranian plateau in the west. Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan, stretching about 579 km from north to south and 442 km (extreme) or 281 km (average) from east to west, with an area of 140,915 square kilometres (54,408 sq mi) of Pakistani territory. Sindh is bounded by the Thar Desert to the east, the Kirthar Mountains to the west, and the Arabian Sea in the south. In the centre is a fertile plain around the Indus River.[26] Sindh lies in a tropical to subtropical region; it is hot in the summer and mild to warm in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above 46 °C (115 °F) between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of 2 °C (36 °F) occurs during December and January in the northern and higher elevated regions. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and August. The southwest monsoon wind begins to blow in mid-February and continues until the end of September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January. Sindh lies between the two monsoons—the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by the Himalayan mountains—and escapes the influence of both. The regions scarcity of rainfall is compensated by the inundation of the Indus twice a year, caused by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season. Sindh is divided into three climatic regions: Siro (the upper region, centred on Jacobabad), Wicholo (the middle region, centred on Hyderabad), and Lar (the lower region, centred on Karachi). The thermal equator passes through upper Sindh, where the air is generally very dry. Central Sindhs temperatures are generally lower than those of upper Sindh but higher than those of lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are typical during the summer. Central Sindhs maximum temperature typically reaches 43–44 °C (109–111 °F). Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate affected by the southwestern winds in summer and northeastern winds in winter, with lower rainfall than Central Sindh. Lower Sindhs maximum temperature reaches about 35–38 °C (95–100 °F). In the Kirthar range at 1,800 m (5,900 ft) and higher at Gorakh Hill and other peaks in Dadu District, temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief snowfall is received in the winters. Flora and fauna[edit] Main articles: Fauna of Sindh and Flora of Sindh Indus River Dolphin Sindh Ibex in Kirthar National Park The province is mostly arid with scant vegetation except for the irrigated Indus Valley. The dwarf palm, Acacia Rupestris (kher), and Tecomella undulata (lohirro) trees are typical of the western hill region. In the Indus valley, the Acacia nilotica (babul) (babbur) is the most dominant and occurs in thick forests along the Indus banks. The Azadirachta indica (neem) (nim), Zizyphys vulgaris (bir) (ber), Tamarix orientalis (jujuba lai) and Capparis aphylla (kirir) are among the more common trees. Mango, date palms, and the more recently introduced banana, guava, orange, and chiku are the typical fruit-bearing trees. The coastal strip and the creeks abound in semi-aquatic and aquatic plants, and the inshore Indus delta islands have forests of Avicennia tomentosa (timmer) and Ceriops candolleana (chaunir) trees. Water lilies grow in abundance in the numerous lake and ponds, particularly in the lower Sindh region. Among the wild animals, the Sindh ibex (sareh), Blackbuck, wild sheep (urial or gadh) and black bear are found in the western rocky range, whereas the leopard is now rare and the Asiatic Cheetah already extinct. The pirrang (large tiger cat or fishing cat) of the eastern desert region is also disappearing. Deer occur in the lower rocky plains and in the eastern region, as do the striped hyena (charakh), jackal, fox, porcupine, common gray mongoose, and hedgehog. The Sindhi phekari, ped lynx or Caracal cat, is found in some areas. Phartho (hog deer) and wild bear occur particularly in the central inundation belt. There are a variety of bats, lizards, and reptiles, including the cobra, lundi (viper), and the mysterious Sindh krait of the Thar region, which is supposed to suck the victims breath in his sleep. Crocodiles are rare and inhabit only the backwaters of the Indus, eastern Nara channel and Karachi backwater. Besides a large variety of marine fish, the plumbeous dolphin, the beaked dolphin, rorqual or blue whale, and a variety of skates frequent the seas along the Sindh coast. The pallo (sable fish), a marine fish, ascends the Indus annually from February to April to spawn. The Indus river dolphin is among the most endangered species in Pakistan and is found in the part of the Indus river in northern Sindh. Hog deer and wild bear occur particularly in the central inundation belt. There are also varieties of bats, lizards, and reptiles, including the cobra, lundi (viper). Some unusual sightings of Asian Cheetah occurred in 2003 near the Balochistan Border in Kirthar mountains. The pirrang (large tiger cat or fishing cat) of the eastern desert region is also disappearing. Deer occur in the lower rocky plains and in the eastern region, as do the striped hyena (charakh), jackal, fox, porcupine, common gray mongoose, and hedgehog. Crocodiles are rare and inhabit only the backwaters of the Indus, the eastern Nara channel and some population of Marsh crocodiles can be very easily seen in the waters of Haleji Lake near Karachi. Besides a large variety of marine fish, the plumbeous dolphin, the beaked dolphin, rorqual or blue whale, and a variety of skates frequent the seas along the Sindh coast. The pallo (sable fish), though a marine fish, ascends the Indus annually from February to April to spawn. The rare Houbara Bustard also find Sindhs warm climate suitable to rest and mate. Unfortunately, it is being hunted by locals and foreigners alike. Although Sindh has a semi arid climate, through its coastal and riverine forests, its huge fresh water lakes and mountains and deserts, Sindh supports a large amount of varied wildlife. Due to the semi arid climate of Sindh the left out forests support an average population of jackals and snakes. The national parks established by the Government of Pakistan in collaboration with many organizations such as World Wide Fund for Nature and Sindh Wildlife Department support a huge variety of animals and birds. The Kirthar National Park in the Kirthar range spreads over more than 3000 km² of desert, stunted tree forests and a lake. The KNP supports Sindh Ibex, wild sheep (urial) and black bear along with the rare leopard. There are also occasional sightings of The Sindhi phekari, ped lynx or Caracal cat. There is a project to introduce tigers and Asian elephants too in KNP near the huge Hub Dam Lake. Between July and November when the monsoon winds blow onshore from the ocean, giant Olive Ridley turtles lay their eggs along the seaward side. The turtles are protected species. After the mothers lay and leave them buried under the sands the SWD and WWF officials take the eggs and protect them until they are hatched to protect them from predators. Demographics and society[edit] Main article: Demographics of Sindh Sindh Demographic Indicators Indicator Statistic Urban population 49.50% Rural population 50.50% Population growth rate 2.80% Gender ratio (male per 100 female) 112.24 Economically active population 22.75% Historical populations Census Population Urban 1951 6,047,748 29.23% 1961 8,367,065 37.85% 1972 14,155,909 40.44% 1981 19,028,666 43.31% 1998 29,991,161 48.75% 2012 35,245,497[27] n/a Religions in Sindh[28] Religion Percent Muslim 91.31% Hindu 8.51% Others 0.18% Sindh has the 2nd highest Human Development Index out of all of Pakistans provinces at 0.628.[29] The 1998 Census of Pakistan indicated a population of 30.4 million. Just under half of the population are urban dwellers, mainly found in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas, Nawabshah District, Umerkot and Larkana. Sindhi is the sole official language of Sindh since the 19th century. According to the 1998 Population Census of Pakistan[citation needed], Sindhi-speaking households make up 52.73% (92.02% in Rural and 25.79% in Urban area) of Sindh; Urdu-speaking households make up 11.05% (1.61% in Rural and 41.48% in Urban areas); Punjabi 06.99%; Pashto 05.01%; Balochi 18.11%; Saraiki 02.00%; and other languages 05.93%. Other languages include Gujarati, Memoni, Persian, Kutchi (last one being a dialect of Sindhi), Khowar, Thari, Luri and Brahui. The Sindhis as a whole are composed of original descendants of an ancient population known as Sammaat, various sub-groups related to the Baloch origin are found in interior Sindh and to a lesser extent Sindhis of Pashtun origins. Sindhis of Balochi origins make up about 30% of the total Sindhi population (they however speak Sindhi as their native tongue), while Urdu-speaking Muhajirs make over 20% of the total population of the province. Also found in the province are groups of Sindhi tribes claiming descent from early Muslim settlers including Arabs, and Persian. A significant number of Hindu Sindhis can be also found in India, they emigrated to Republic of India following religious violence during Partition of India. Religion[edit] See also: Hinduism in Sindh Sindhs population is mainly Muslim (91.32%), and Sindh is also home to nearly all (93%) of Pakistans Hindus, who form 8.5% of the provinces population.[28] The majority of Muslims are Sunni Hanafi followed by Shia Ithnā‘ashariyyah. The non-Muslim communities includes Hindus, Christians, Qadianis and Zorastarians. A large number of Hindus migrated to India after independence of Pakistan in 1947 while Muslim refugees, Muhajirs, arrived from India. Government[edit] Provincial symbols of Sindh (unofficial) Provincial animal Sindh Ibex Capra ibex ibex – 03.jpg Provincial bird Sind Sparrow Sind Sparrow (Passer pyrrhonotus)- Male at Sultanpur I Picture 178.jpg Provincial flower Water hyacinth (common) Common Water hyacinth.jpg Provincial tree Neem Khejri.jpg Main article: Government of Sindh divisions of the province The Provincial Assembly of Sindh is unicameral and consists of 168 seats, of which 5% are reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women. The provincial capital of Sindh is Karachi. The government is presided over by the Chief Minister of Sindh. Most of the Sindhi tribes in the province are involved in Pakistans politics. Sindh is a stronghold of the centre-left Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), which is the largest political party in the province. Districts[edit] Districts of Sindh, Pakistan Main article: Districts of Sindh There are 24 districts in Sindh, Pakistan.[30] Karachi Jamshoro Thatta Sujawal Badin Tharparkar Umerkot Mirpur Khas Tando Allahyar Naushahro Feroze Tando Muhammad Khan Hyderabad Sanghar Khairpur Shaheed Benazirabad Dadu Qambar Shahdadkot Larkana Matiari Ghotki Shikarpur Jacobabad Sukkur Kashmore Major cities[edit] Main article: List of cities in Sindh Many of the settlements in Sindh are located on, or close to the River Indus. This is similar to Egypt, where many settlements are located on the Nile. List of major cities in Sindh Rank City District Population IICROAD.jpg Karachi Hyderabad Hyderabad Sukkur Sukkur 1 Karachi Karachi (East, West, South, Central, Malir) 8,400,000 2 Hyderabad Hyderabad 2,978,367 3 Sukkur Sukkur 400,148 4 Larkana Larkana 322,315 6 Mirpur Khas Mirpur Khas 219 977 5 Nawabshah Shaheed Benazirabad 218 361 7 Jacobabad Jacobabad 164,248 8 Shikarpur Shikarpur 158,913 9 Tando Adam Sanghar 123,261 Source: World Gazetteer 2012[31] This is a list of each citys urban populations and does not indicate total district populations Other cities and towns of Sindh: Bandhi Badah Dadu Daharki Diplo Ghari Mori Ghotki Hala Jamshoro Kashmore Khairpur Kotri Matiari Matli Mehar Mehrabpur Mithi Moro Nasarpur Naseerabad Naushahro Feroze (Padidan) New Jatoi Pir Jo Goth Raharki Ranipur Ratodero Rohri Pano Akil Sakrand Sanghar Sehwan Sekhat Shikarpur Shahdadkot Sita Sobhodero Sujawal Tando Adam Khan Tando Allahyar Thatta Umarkot Economy[edit] Main article: Economy of Sindh A view of Karachi downtown, the capital of Sindh province GDP by Province Sindh has the second largest economy in Pakistan. Its GDP per capita was $1,400 in 2010 which is 50 per cent more than the rest of the nation or 35 per cent more than the national average. Historically, Sindhs contribution to Pakistans GDP has been between 30% to 32.7%. Its share in the service sector has ranged from 21% to 27.8% and in the agriculture sector from 21.4% to 27.7%. Performance wise, its best sector is the manufacturing sector, where its share has ranged from 36.7% to 46.5%.[32] Since 1972, Sindhs GDP has expanded by 3.6 times.[33] Endowed with coastal access, Sindh is a major centre of economic activity in Pakistan and has a highly diversified economy ranging from heavy industry and finance centred in and around Karachi to a substantial agricultural base along the Indus. Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and various other goods. Sindh is Pakistans most natural gas producing province. Agriculture is very important in Sindh with cotton, rice, wheat, sugar cane, bananas, and mangoes as the most important crops. Sindh is the richest province in natural resources of gas, petrol, and coal. Education[edit] Dayaram Jethmal College (D.J. College), Karachi in the 19th century National Academy of Performing Arts, Karachi Year Literacy rate 1972 30.2% 1981 37.5% 1998 45.29% 2008 60.7% 2011 67.50% This is a chart of the education market of Sindh estimated by the government in 1998.[34] Qualification Urban Rural Total Enrollment ratio (%) — 14,839,862 15,600,031 30,439,893 — Below Primary 1,984,089 3,332,166 5,316,255 100.00 Primary 3,503,691 5,687,771 9,191,462 82.53 Middle 3,073,335 2,369,644 5,442,979 52.33 Matriculation 2,847,769 2,227,684 5,075,453 34.45 Intermediate 1,473,598 1,018,682 2,492,280 17.78 Diploma, Certificate... 1,320,747 552,241 1,872,988 9.59 BA, BSc... degrees 440,743 280,800 721,543 9.07 MA, MSc... degrees 106,847 53,040 159,887 2.91 Other qualifications 89,043 78,003 167,046 0.54 Major public and private educational institutes of Sindh include: Adamjee Government Science College Aga Khan University APIIT Applied Economics Research Centre Bahria University Baqai Medical University Chandka Medical College Larkano College of Digital Sciences College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan COMMECS Institute of Business and Emerging Sciences D. J. Science College Dawood College of Engineering and Technology Defence Authority Degree College for Men Dow International Medical College Dow University of Health Sciences Fatima Jinnah Dental College Federal Urdu University Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur Government College for Men Nazimabad Government College of Commerce & Economics Government College of Technology, Karachi Government National College (Karachi) Greenwich University (Karachi) Hamdard University Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry Indus Valley Institute of Art and Architecture Institute of Business Administration, Karachi Institute of Business Administration, Sukkar Institute of Business Management Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering Institute of Sindhology Iqra University Islamia Science College (Karachi) Isra University Imperial Science College Nawabshah Jinnah Medical & Dental College Jinnah Polytechnic Institute Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre Jinnah University for Women KANUPP Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Mohammad Ali Jinnah University National Academy of Performing Arts National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences National University of Sciences and Technology NED University of Engineering and Technology Ojha Institute of Chest Diseases PAF Institute of Aviation Technology PAF KIET- Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology Pakistan Navy Engineering College Pakistan Shipowners College Pakistan Steel Cadet College Peoples Medical College for Girls Nawabshah Provincial Institute of Teachers Education Nawabshah Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah Rana Liaquat Ali Khan Government College of Home Economics Rehan College of Education Saint Patricks College, Karachi Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai University Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology Sindh Agriculture University Sindh Medical College Superior College of Science Hyderabad Sindh Muslim Law College Sir Syed Government Girls College Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology St. Josephs College Sukkur Institute of Science & Technology Textile Institute of Pakistan University of Karachi University of Sindh Usman Institute of Technology Ziauddin Medical University Chandka Medical College Larkana PIA Training Centre Karachi Government High School Ranipur Public School Hyderabad Government College Hyderabad Government Muslim Science College Hyderabad Culture[edit] Sindhi culture is very famous all over the world such as Sindhi Arts, Crafts, Heritage. Arts and crafts[edit] Main article: Places of historical interest in Sindh The traditions of Sindhi craftwork reflect the cumulative influence of 5000 years of invaders and settlers, whose various modes of art were eventually assimilated into the culture. The elegant floral and geometrical designs that decorate everyday objects—whether of clay, metal, wood, stone or fabric—can be traced to Muslim influence. Though chiefly an agricultural and pastoral province, Sindh has a reputation for ajraks, pottery, leatherwork, carpets, textiles, and silk cloths which, in design and finish, are matchless. The chief articles produced are blankets, coarse cotton cloth (soosi), camel fittings, metalwork, lacquered work, enamel, gold and silver embroidery. Hala is famous for pottery and tiles; Boobak for carpets; Nasirpur, Gambat and Thatta for cotton lungees and khes. Other popular crafts include the earthenware of Johi, the metal vessels of Shikarpur, the ralli quilt, embroidery and leather articles of Tharparkar, and the lacquered work of Kandhkot. Prehistoric finds from archaeological sites like Mohenjo-daro, engravings in various graveyards, and the architectural designs of Makli and other tombs have provided ample evidence of the peoples literary and musical traditions. Modern painting and calligraphy have also developed in recent times. Some young trained men have taken up commercial art. Cultural heritage[edit] Main article: Sindhi culture The ruins of an ancient mosque at Bhambore Sindhi women collecting water from a reservoir on the way to Mubarak Village Sindh has a rich heritage of traditional handicraft that has evolved over the centuries. Perhaps the most professed exposition of Sindhi culture is in the handicrafts of Hala, a town some 30 kilometres from Hyderabad. Halas artisans manufacture high-quality and impressively priced wooden handicrafts, textiles, paintings, handmade paper products, and blue pottery. Lacquered wood works known as Jandi, painting on wood, tiles, and pottery known as Kashi, hand woven textiles including khadi, susi, and ajraks are synonymous with Sindhi culture preserved in Halas handicraft. The Small and Medium Enterprises Authority (SMEDA) is planning to set up an organization of artisans to empower the community. SMEDA is also publishing a directory of the artisans so that exporters can directly contact them. Hala is the home of a remarkable variety of traditional crafts and traditional handicrafts that carry with them centuries of skill that has woven magic into the motifs and designs used.[citation needed] Sindh is known the world over for its various handicrafts and arts. The work of Sindhi artisans was sold in ancient markets of Damascus, Baghdad, Basra, Istanbul, Cairo and Samarkand. Referring to the lacquer work on wood locally known as Jandi, T. Posten (an English traveller who visited Sindh in the early 19th century) asserted that the articles of Hala could be compared with exquisite specimens of China.[citation needed] Technological improvements such as the spinning wheel (charkha) and treadle (pai-chah) in the weavers loom were gradually introduced and the processes of designing, dyeing and printing by block were refined. The refined, lightweight, colourful, washable fabrics from Hala became a luxury for people used to the woolens and linens of the age. The ajrak has existed in Sindh since the birth of its civilization. The colour blue is predominantly used for ajraks. Sindh was traditionally a large producer of indigo and cotton cloth and both used to be exported to the Middle East. The ajrak is a mark of respect when it is given to an honoured guest or friend. In Sindh, it is most commonly given as a gift at Eid, at weddings, or on other special occasions like homecoming. Ajrak The ralli (also known as rilli, rehli, rallee, gindi or other names), or patchwork quilt, is another Sindhi icon and part of the heritage and culture. Most Sindhi homes have many rallis—one for each member of the family and a few spare for guests. The ralli is made with small pieces of cloth of different geometrical shapes sewn together to create intricate designs. They may be used as a bedspread or a blanket, and are often given as gifts to friends and guests. Rilli Rilli Rilli Many women in rural Sindh are skilled in the production of caps. Sindhi caps are manufactured commercially on a small scale at New Saeedabad and Hala New. These are in demand with visitors from Karachi and other places; however, these manufacturing units have a limited production capacity. Sindhi people began celebrating Sindhi Topi Day on December 6, 2009 to preserve the historical culture of Sindh by wearing Ajrak and Sindhi topi.[35] Different NGOs like WWF Pakistan are also playing an important role to promote the culture of Sindh. They also provide training to women artisans in the interior of Sindh so these females get a source of generating income for themselves. For this purpose they are promoting their products under the name of Crafts Forever the URL of the Facebook page is as facebook/craftsforever. Mir Muhammad Naseer Khan Talpur, the last ruler of Sindh The great Pakistani Sufi singer, Abida Parveen, visited Oslo in September 2007. Huts in the Thar desert Languages[edit] Sindhi language[edit] Main article: Sindhi language The first complete translation of the Quran was completed in 884 CE in Mansura by the orders of the Abbasid Emir Abdullah ibn Umar ibn Abdul Aziz on the request of the Hindu Raja Mehruk.[36] Sindhī (Arabic script: سنڌي) is spoken by more than 35 million people(in 2011) in the province of Sindh. However 25% people are Sindhi-speaking in the largest city of Karachi, Pakistan. Karachi is also populated by migrants from India who speak Urdu and form about 30% of the city.[37] The other migrated inhabitants of the city are Biharis from Bangladesh, Pastuns from Khaybar Pakhtoonkhwah, Punjabis from various parts of Punjab and other linguistic groups of Pakistan. Most of these Urdu-speaking people sought refuge in the city from India during the partition of British India, and they settled in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkar and other cities in Sindh.[37] Sindhi is an Indo-European language, linguistically considered to be the sister language of Sanskrit. Balochi, Gujarati, Rajasthani language have influences of Sindhi and Sanskrit however accommodating substantial Persian, Turkish and Arabic words. In Pakistan Sindhi is written in a modified Arabic script, where the majority of the Sindhi population is Muslim. Hindu Sindhis who migrated to India after partition (currently are about 6 million) still register their mother tongue as Sindhi, meanwhile 7 million Hindu Sindhis are living in Pakistan. Key dialects: Kutchi, Lasi, Parkari, Memoni, Lari, Vicholi, Utradi, Macharia, Dukslinu (spoken by Hindu Sindhi) and Siraki. During British colonial period, Siraiki evolved as a separate language. Urdu language[edit] Main article: Urdu Urdu is another widely used language in Sindh, especially in the urban areas of Sindh alongside Sindhi and is the lingua franca of Pakistan. It is another Indo-Aryan language with strong linguistic ties to Sindhi. Saraiki language[edit] Main article: Saraiki language Saraiki is also spoken in Sindh. It is an Indo-European language, related to Punjabi, Kutchi, Gujarati and other Indo-European languages prevalent in the region with substantial Persian, Turkish and Arabic loan words. In Pakistan it is written in a modified Arabic script. Parkari Koli language[edit] Main article: Parkari Koli language Parkari Koli (sometimes called just Parkari) is a language mainly spoken in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. It has 250,000 speakers (1995). Places of interest[edit] See also: Places of historical interest in Sindh Sindh has numerous tourist sites. Modern tourist sites include certain recent resorts, amusement parks, water parks and golf clubs. The most commonly known are Arena, Aladdin Amusement Park, Go-Aish and Sindbad. Historical tourist sites include the ruins of Mohenjo-daro near the city of Larkana, Runi Kot, Jamshoro, Kot Deji, the Jain temples of Nangar Parker and the historic temple of Sadhu Bela, Sukkur. Islamic architecture is quite prominent in the province; its numerous mausoleums include the ancient Shahbaz Qalander mausoleum. Historical Places of Sukkur hpsukkur.brinkster.net Aror (ruins of historical city) near Sukkur Chaukandi Tombs, Karachi Forts at Hyderabad and Umarkot Gorakh Hill in Dadu Kahu-Jo-Darro near Mirpurkhas Kirthar National Park in Dadu Kot Diji Fort, Kot Diji Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad Makli Hill, Asias largest necropolis, Makli, Thatta Mazar-e-Quaid, Karachi Minar-e-Mir Masum Shah, Sukkur Mohatta Palace Museum, Karachi Rani Bagh, Hyderabad Ranikot Fort near Sann Ruins of Mohenjo-daro and Museum near Larkana Pakka Qila, Hyderabad Sadhu Bela Temple near Sukkur Shahjahan Mosque, Thatta Shrine of Allama Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi, Thatta Shrine of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Bhit Shah Shrine of Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan Shairf, Dadu Sukkur Barrage, Sukkur Talpurs Faiz Mahal Palace, Khairpur Faiz Mahal, Khairpur Ranikot Fort, one of the largest forts in the world Tomb of M.A. Jinnah in Karachi Chaukhandi tombs Karachi Beach Keenjhar lake Thatta Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro Aerial view of Karachi Qasim fort Kot Diji West bank of the River Indus The Sindh Museum Hyderabad Bakri Waro Lake, Khairpur National Museum of Pakistan Kirthar National Park Karoonjhar Mountains See also[edit] Debal Gurjara-Pratihara Western Satraps Indus River Institute of Sindhology List of Sindhi people Mansura, Sindh Mohenjodaro Tomb paintings of Sindh Mughal Empire Sindbad the Sailor Sindhu Kingdom Sindhudesh Terrestrial globe.svgGeography portal Asia (orthographic projection).svgAsia portal India 78.40398E 20.74980N.jpgSouth Asia portal Flag of Pakistan.svgPakistan portal Flag of Sindh Province.pngSindh portal CDGKlogo.pngKarachi portal References[edit] Jump up ^ Sind - type and level of administrative division. World Gazetteer. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 2009-08-19. Jump up ^ Percentage Distribution of Households by Language Usually Spoken and Region/Province, 1998 Census.. Pakistan Statistical Year Book 2008. Federal Bureau of Statistics - Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 15 December 2009. Jump up ^ Sindh (province, Pakistan) at Encyclopædia Britannica Online Jump up ^ Provincial Assembly Seats. Jump up ^ Government of Sindh. Jump up ^ APP (November 7, 2003). KARACHI: Babul Islam day observed. Dawn. Retrieved May 20, 2012. Jump up ^ Suhail Zaheer Lari, An Illustrated History of Sindh (1994, Karachi) p. 16, 17 Jump up ^ Sohail Zaheer Lari, An Illustrated History of Sindh (1994, Karachi) p. 17 Jump up ^ John Beames (1970). A comparative grammar of the modern Aryan languages of India: to wit, Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya and Bangali. Munshiram Manoharlal. Retrieved 22 March 2011. Jump up ^ Foreign influence on ancient India By Krishna Chandra Sagar Jump up ^ Foreign Influence on Ancient India - Krishna Chandra Sagar - Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 2012-08-03. Jump up ^ Seidensticker, Tilman. Abū ʿAṭāʾ al-Sindī - Brill Reference. Referenceworks.brillonline. Retrieved 2012-08-03. Jump up ^ A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire - Sugata Bose - Google Books. Books.google.pk. 2004-12-26. Retrieved 2012-08-03. Jump up ^ Topics. MuslimHeritage. 2009-06-16. Retrieved 2012-08-03. ^ Jump up to: a b The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia by Nicholas Tarling p.39. Jump up ^ Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare: Renaissance to revolution, 1492–1792 by Jeremy Black p.16 [1] Jump up ^ Cervantes Virtual website Jump up ^ Savage-Smith, Emilie (1985), Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Jump up ^ Kazi, Najma (24 November 2007). Seeking Seamless Scientific Wonders: Review of Emilie Savage-Smiths Work. FSTC Limited. Retrieved 2008-02-01. Jump up ^ Trade and Empire in Muscat and Zanzibar: The Roots of British Domination - M. Reda Bhacker - Google Books. Books.google.pk. 1992-11-17. Retrieved 2012-08-03. Jump up ^ Fall and Colored Leaves - Jasbir Singh Sethi - Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 2012-08-03. Jump up ^ Qammaruddin Bohra, City of Hyderabad Sindh 712-1947 (2000). Jump up ^ Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley Jump up ^ Eugene Ehrlich, Nil Desperandum: A Dictionary of Latin Tags and Useful Phrases [Original title: Amo, Amas, Amat and More], BCA 1992 [1985], p. 175. Jump up ^ Personal observations on Sindh: the manners and customs of its inhabitants ... - Thomas Postans - Google Boeken. Books.google. Retrieved 2012-08-03. Jump up ^ Weiss, Anita M. and Mughal, Muhammad Aurang Zeb. 2012. Pakistan. Louis Kotzé and Stephen Morse (eds), Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability, Vol. 9. Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire, pp. 236-240. Jump up ^ Population shoots up by 47 percent since 1998. Thenews.pk. Retrieved 2012-08-03. ^ Jump up to: a b 1998 Census Data Jump up ^ [2][dead link] Jump up ^ District Nazims of the Province of Sindh. Jump up ^ Pakistan: Largest cities and towns and statistics of their population. Retrieved 2011-02-10. Jump up ^ Provincial Accounts of Pakistan: Methodology and Estimates 1973-2000. Jump up ^ World Bank Document (PDF). Retrieved 2012-11-07. Jump up ^ Population by Level of Education and Rural/Urban. Statistics Division: Ministry of Economic Affairs and Statistics. Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 2009-08-19. Jump up ^ Sindh celebrates first ever Sindhi Topi Day. Jump up ^ English Translations of the Quran » Crescent. Monthlycrescent. Retrieved 2012-11-07. ^ Jump up to: a b Political and ethnic battles turn Karachi into Beirut of South Asia » Crescent. Merinews. Retrieved 2012-11-24. Further reading[edit] Malkani, Kewal Ram (1984). The Sindh Story. Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd. External links[edit] Find more about Sindh at Wikipedias sister projects Definitions and translations from Wiktionary Media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Sindh Transport Department official website Government of Sindh Guide of Sindh Map of the districts of Sindh Sindh at the Open Directory Project Balochistan Punjab Rajasthan, India Sindh Arabian Sea Gujarat, India [show] v t e Sindh Sindh topics [show] v t e Provinces and administrative units of Pakistan [show] v t e Districts of Sindh [show] v t e Pakistan Pakistan topics Categories: Provinces of PakistanSindh
Posted on: Sun, 03 Nov 2013 14:14:18 +0000
Trending Topics
Recently Viewed Topics
© 2015