TAKAITACCEN TARIHIN KA’IDOJIN RUBUTUN HAUSA Tarihin rubutu da karatu irin na boko a kasar Hausa da muka sani ya biyo matakai-matakai a tsawon tarihi, wanda daga nan ne aka samar da ka’idojin rubutun da kuma samar da Daidaitacciyar Hausa. Tun daga farko dai abin da ya dace mu fahimta shi ne Turawan Mishau ne suka soma kokarin daidaita rubutun Hausa a cikin littattafansu da suka samar, sai dai wannan ba yana nufin cewa a wannan lokaci ne aka soma daidaita rubutun Hausa ba, an yi haka a baya kodayake ba tare da an gane cewa ka’idoji ne ko daidaitawa ake yi ba. Kamar yadda muka, sani an soma yin rubutun Hausa ne da kuma daidaita shi a cikin Ajami, zuwan Boko ya kara masa muhibba da martaba a tsakanin masana, saboda haka muna iya cewa daga abin da Ajami ya tanadar ne aka samar da tsarin rubutun Bokon Hausa. Ka’idojin farko na rubutun Boko da aka samu a rubuce su ne wadanda R. H. Robinson ya gabatar a 1848 karkashin kungiyar CMS, inda bayan samar da bakaken Hausa da wasullansu an fito da batun haruffan nan da ke da lankwasa, wato d da k da b wadanda aka dinga yi masu digo a karkashi domin a bambanta da wadanda ba su da lankwasa. Bayan Robinson sai kuma Raberan Schon wanda ya rayu tsakanin 1803-1889, ya yi rubuce-rubuce da dama da suka hada da: • Vocabulary of the Hausa Language (1843) • Dictionary of the Hausa Language (1876) • Grammar of the Hausa Language (1862) • Magana Hausa (1885) Duk da cewa Schon bai ziyarci kasar Hausa kai tsaye ba, amma ta hulda da wadanda suka ziyarta da kuma ‘yan kasa da ya hadu da su a cikin rayuwarsa ya sa ya shiga cikin aikin raya da rubuta Hausa domin na baya. Shi ma ya tabbatar da kusan dukkan bakake da wasullan Hausa da Robinson ya samar, wadanda kuma har yau ana amfani da su, sai dai babbar matsalar da ya fuskanta ita ce ta haruffa masu lankwasa da ya bari kamar yadda Robinson ya samar da su, don ya rasa yadda zai yi da su. Haka kuma ya ci karo da matsalar hamza, wato haruffa irin su: • /Tsami/, wanda ya rubuta kamar haka, / Sami/ • /‘Ya’ya/ da ya rubuta kamar haka /Yaya/ • /Waje/ ya rubuta kamar haka, /Waze/ Wani da ya yi wa rubutun Hausa bauta shi ma shi ne Charles H. Robinson (1861-1925), shi ma manazarcin harshe ne kuma dan Mishau, ya iya Larabci sosai, ya kuma nakalci Ajami gwargwado. Ya yi rubuce rubuce da dama da suka hada da: • Specimen of Hausa Literature (1896) • Hausa Grammar (1897) • Dictionary of the Hausa Language (1899) Tun farkon nazarinsa ya san da haruffa masu lankwasa, saboda haka ya bar su da digo a karkashin haruffan d da b da k. Sai dai shi ma ya samu matsala wajen raba da kuma hada kalmomi ta yadda da yawa suka ba shi ruwa. Alal misali yana rubuta wasu jimloli kamar haka: • /Akakama/ a maimakon /Aka kama/ • /Anayaki/ a maimakon /Ana yaki/ Wani dan Mishau da ya taka rawar gani wajen rubuta da daidaita Hausa shi ne Hans Vischer Dan Hausa (1876-1945). Da farko aikin Mishau ya fara, daga baya kuma ya shiga aikin mulkin mallaka, inda ya zauna a kasar Hausa, ya nakalci Hausar da al’adun Hausawa har aka dinga kiran sa Dan Hausa saboda sajewar da ya yi. Shi ne ya samar da makarantar Boko ta gwamnati ta farko a kasar Hausa, ya kuma kasance jami’i mai kula da sha’anin Ilimi a kasar Hausa. Shi ne ya fito da ka’idonjin rubutun Hausa na farko a shekarar 1912, wato Rules for Hausa Spelling, inda ya tabbatar da bakake da wasullan Hausa da muke gani yanzu, ya kuma nemi ya gyara matsalar haruffa masu lankwasa, inda a maimakon yadda ake rubuta su a da a karkashin haruffan d da b da k sai ya maido a sama da alamar hamza, domin a gan su a fili a kuma fade cikin sauri wajen karatu. Ga yadda ya tsara su da sauran wasu daga cikin dokokin da ya samar: • /‘b/ /‘d/ /‘k/ • /Mache/ a maimakon /Mace/ • /‘Ya/ a madadin /Y/ • /Rigas Sarki/ a maimakon /Rigas Sarki/ • /Sayam Masa/ a madadin /Sayar Masa/ • /Farri/ a matsayin /Fari/ • /Fatta/ a madadin /Fata/ • /Sayesaye/ a madadin /Saye-saye/ Wanda ya biyo layi shi ne Raberan G.P Bargery (1876-1960), shi ma kamar sauran da ya biyo bayansu ya bauta wa Mishau, a cikin haka ya inganta rubutun Hausa da ka’idojinsa. Babbar gudunmuwar da ya bayar ita ce ta samar da kamus na Hausa-English Dictionary and English–Hausa Vocabulary. A cikin wannan gagarumin aiki da ya yi a shekarar 1934, ya ci gaba ne daga inda Hans Vischer ya tsaya, ta amincewa da haruffa masu lankwasa, sai dai shi ma ya rubuta su a saman haruffa da hamza, kamar yadda Vischer ya yi. Sai dai ya sake canza wasu haruffa masu aure ko tagwaye, irin su /Ch/ ta koma /C/, wato ya rubuta Caca/ a maimakon /Chacha/, ya soke amfani da nannagen haruffa a cikin kalmomi wato irin su /sh/ ko /ts/ a tsakanin kalma ya mayar da su zuwa /s/ ko /t/ alal misali, /shashshaka/ ake rubutawa a da, shi kuma ya rubuta kamar haka, /shasshaka/ ko kuma /tsatstsafa/ ya mayar da ita kamar haka, /tsattsafa/. Haka kuma shi ne ya fara bayani a fili bambanci tsakanin ka’idojin rubutun Hausa na Karin Harshe da Daidaitacciyar Hausa, inda yake bambanta su a cikin aikinsa, misali: • /Sayar da shi/, a maimakon /Sayad da shi/ wanda Katsinanci ne. • /Rigar Sarki/, a maimakon /Rigas Sarki/ wanda Katsinanci ne. Bargery ne kuma ya fara tabbatar da samuwar karin sauti a cikin rubutun Hausa, yana sanya alamar – a karkashin kowane harafi mai dauke da karin sauti na kasa, na sama saboda yawan fitar sa a cikin harshen bai ba shi wata alama ba. Haka yana nuna yadda ake rubuta dogo da gajeren wasali. Daga Bargery sai dalibinsa R. C. Abraham (1890-1963), ma’aikacin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ne wanda ya taba zama ADO a Kano. Ya bauta wa Hausa gwargwadon iyawarsa, inda ya rubuta littattafai da suka hada da Principles of Hausa a 1934 da A Modern Grammar of Spoken Hausa a 1941 da Dictionary of the Hausa Language a 1949 da kuma The Language of Hausa People a 1959. Kodayake aikin Abraham ya kasance na zamani, duk da haka daga abin da Bargery da Gwamnatin Arewa ta shirya ne ya gina nasa. Sai dai ya kasance mai kawo nasa canjin shi ma domin shi ne ya fara rubuta haruffan Hausa masu lankwasa kamar yadda suke a halin yanzu, wato a shekarar 1938. Haka kuma ya bambanta tsakanin haruffan /n/ biyu, wato ra-gare da ra-kade, misali a hanci da tankade. Ya kuma nuna inda karin sauti ke fita da tsawon wasali, inda yake sa wannan alamar – a saman dogon wasali da kuma – a kasan harafi mai karin sauti na kasa, kamar yadda Bargery ya yi. Daga wannan lokaci ne aka tabbatar da samuwar daidaitattaciyar Hausa da ka’idojin rubutun Hausa. Dukkan abubuwan da suka faru a baya za a ga daidaikun mutane ne ke yi da kulawar hukuma, sai dai hukumar ba ta sa baki ba sosai da sosai sai a shekarar 1955 da aka kafa Hukumar Kula Da Lamurran Hausa, wadda hukuma ce da ta yi kokarin daidaita Hausa da samar da ka’idojin rubuta Hausar. Ta yi abubuwa da dama, ita ce ta gyara da tantance duk wadansu kalmomin aro da na kimiyya da fasaha. Wannan hukuma ce kuma ta waiwayi aikin da Hans Vischer ya yi a 1952 domin daidaita tunani da zamani, ta samar da kundin da ta kira Rules for Hausa Orthography a 1958. A daidai wannan lokaci ne aka tsayar da karin Hausar Kano a matsayin Daidaitacciyar Hausa, sai dai an shelanta cewa duk inda aka sami kalmomi da a cikin garin Kano kadai ake furta su, ana iya maye gurbinsu da wadansu daga kare-karen Hausa can daban da suka fi karbuwa. Bayan da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka bar kasar Hausa, an yi ta kokari daga ‘yan gida a daidaita rubutun Hausa. Taro na farko da aka yi shi ne a birnin Bamako na kasar Mali a shekarar 1966, karkashin jagorancin Hukumar UNESCO, inda aka tattauna yadda za a daidaita rubutun Hausa a Yammacin Afrirka. A wannan taron ne aka amince a rubuta Hausa kamar haka. • Haruffa masu lankwasa /b/ da /k/ da /d/ kamar yadda suke yanzu. • Aka samar da tagwayen haruffa /sh/ da /ts/ da /gy/ da /ky/ da /ky/ da /gw/ da /kw/ • A kuma raba /su/da /na/ wato /su na/ ko /ka na/ ko /ki na/ da /ya na/ dss A shekarar 1970 kuma an yi wani taron a jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zaria inda aka sake kallon aikin da Hukumar Kula Da Lamurran Hausa ta yi a 1958, aka samar da sababbin bayanai kamar haka: • A dinga rubuta /ko’ina/ ba /ko ina/ ba • Haka a rubuta /yake/ ba /ya ke/ ba, ko / yakan/ ba /ya kan/ ba, /suna/ ba /su na/ ba. • Da kuma /mutum/ ba /mutun/ ba • Da /malam/ ba /malan/ ba • /Ranar kasuwa/ ba /ranak kasuwa/ ba. A shekarar 1972 kuma an sake gudanar da wani taro a a jami’ar Bayero Kano, wanda shi ma ya yi kokarin daidaita ka’idojin rubutun Hausa, an amince da ‘yan gyare-gyare da dama, wadanda za iya cewa su ne har yau ake amfani da su a duk fadin duniyar Hausa. Ga kadan daga abubuwan da aka amince da su a wurin taron, kamar yadda M.K.M Galadanci ya kattaba: Universal nouns are written as one word; /komai/ ba /ko mai/ ba, /kowa/ ba /ko wa/ ba, /koyaushe/ ba /ko yaushe/ ba. Where the pre-verbal pronoun precedes the tense marker it is written as one word; yakan/ ba /ya kan/ ba, / yana/ ba /ya na/ ba. Where the tense marker precedes the pre-verbal pronoun it is written separately; /za mu/ ba /zamu/ ba, /za su/ ba /zasu/ ba. A short possessive is joined to the preceding nominal; /dokina/ ba /doki na/ ba, /rigarsa/ ba /rigar sa/ ba, / zanenta/ ba /zanen ta/ ba. But the long possessive is written separately; /wani doki nawa/ ba /wani dokinawa/ ba, /wata riga tawa/ ba / wata rigatawa/ ba, /wani zane nata/ ba /wani zanenata/ ba. The pronoun object is written separately; /ya ba ni/ ba /ya bani/ ba, /mun sa shi/ ba /mun sashi/ ba, /ana kiran ka/ ba /ana kiranka/ ba. Haka kuma an jaddada cewa /saboda/ da /watakila/ kalmomi ne a cure wuri guda, ba a rubuta su a ware ba, wato /sabo da/ ko /wata kila/ ba da sauran su. Taron karshe da aka yi na daidaita rubutun Hausa shi ne wanda aka yi a Niamey, a kasar Nijar a shekarar 1980, karkashin jagorancin Kungiyar Hada Kan Afirka, (OAU). An shirya wannan taro ne don a mayar da hankali wajen daidaita rubutun Hausa a Nijeriya da Nijar, shi ma wannan taro ya amince da muhimman bayanai da suka hada da: • An tabbatar da gajerun wasullan Hausa: i,e,a,o,u • An tabbatar da dogayen wasullan Hausa: ii,ee,aa,oo,uu • Da kuma bakaken Hausa kusa 33. Daga lokacin da aka kashe Hausa Language Board (Hukumar Kula Da Lamurran Hausa) da aka kafa a 1958 sai aka mayar da yawancin ayyukanta ga Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya da ke karkashin Jami’ar Bayero, Kano, ita ce mai kula da ka’idoji da daidaita rubutun Hausa, kuma tun daga 1982 ta yi iyakacin kokarinta na yin wannan aiki tukuru. Ita ce ke shirya tarurrukan inganta harsunan Nijeriya (musamman na Hausa da Fulfulde da Kanuri), ta kuma samar da aikin fassara kalmomin zamani zuwa Hausa da kuma Kamusun Hausa da ta buga a shekarar 2007, bayan sama da shekara 30 ana bincike da nazari da bita. Inda muke ke nan yanzu, ba wani taro kuma da aka kara yi har zuwa yau da na sani domin daidaita ko sake shata ka’idojin rubutun Hausa, wanda da zarar an samu wannan dama duk wata matsala a nan za a tattauna ta, a kuma samar da matsaya domin amfanin sauran al’umma. Allah shi ne masani!
Posted on: Sat, 10 Aug 2013 22:31:19 +0000
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