TEJANO ANCESTOR* Xicotencatl I de Tlaxcala (The Elder) Xicotencatl I of Tlaxcala was ruler or speaker (Tlatoani) of Tizatlan. He was born circa 1425 (11 House) and died in 1522 (4 Rabbit). In Nahuatl his name is also spelled Xicohtencatl. Preceded by Xayacamach, his father was named Aztahua. Xicotencatl I was baptized Lorenzo Xicotencatl in 1519. Diego Muñoz Camargo, a Tlaxcalan historian, wrote, at the time of the Spanish conquest, Xicotencatl I was more than 120 years old. He could only see Cortés if someone lifted his eyelids. Lorenzo had more than 500 wives, concubines, and countless children. Principally they were Xicotencatl II and doña Lucía de Xicontenga, wife of Jorge de Alvarado. Jorge was Pedro de Alvarados brother and a Tejano ancestor. A song or poem attributed to Xicotencatl I has be documented in the Cantares Mexicanos (fols. 57v.–58r.). A collection of 91 Nahuatl songs, about half of all known pieces, were probably compiled in the late 1500s by Bernardino de Sahagún. The songs are about Aztec Flower Wars. These battles were between Tlaxcala, and the Aztec Triple Alliance. The losers were kept alive for sacrifice. The manuscripts are at the National Library in Mexico City. Miguel León-Portilla edited a two-volume Spanish translation of the Nahuatl codex and the published it in Cantares. Mexican scholar, Ángel María Garibay Kintana, thereafter presented a translation in his second and third volumes of Poesía náhuatl (1965, 1968). The complete paleographic transcription of Cantares was also published in English in 1985 by John Bierhorst as Cantares Mexicanos. I have a copy of this book at home. Ill try to locate it ASAP. It was sold in a library sale in DC, and has the Mexican ambassadors card attached. The book has Songs of the Aztecs, and a dictionary. Bierhorsts transcription was hailed by scholars for its accuracy and faithfulness to the original work. The translations were criticized, and said to be misleading. The Cantares were deemed a misinterpretation, of ghost songs. The colonial revitalization movement deemed them akin to the ghost dances of the North American Plains Indians. David Bowles, translated selected poems from the Cantares and other Mesoamerican codices. He agreed with León-Portilla and Garibay that the songs are part of a long aesthetic and philosophical tradition that predate the Conquest. Web Notes León-Portilla (1992): pps. 232, 236, and 25–26. References León-Portilla, Miguel (1992). Fifteen Poets of the Aztec World. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2441-5. Bierhorst, John (1985). Cantares Mexicanos: Songs of the Aztecs. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1182-8. OCLC 11185910. Bierhorst, John (1985). A Nahuatl-English Dictionary and Concordance to the Cantares Mexicanos: With an Analytical Transcriptions and Grammatical Notes. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1183-6. OCLC 11185890. Bowles, David (2013). Flower, Song, Dance: Aztec and Mayan Poetry. Beaumont, Texas: Lamar University Press. ISBN 978-0-9852-5528-2. OCLC 2013942230. Curl, John (2005). Ancient American Poets: The Flower Songs of Nezahualcoyotl. Tempe: Bilingual Press. ISBN 1-931010-21-8. OCLC 226071756. Dakin, Karen (1986). Review of Cantares mexicanos and A Nahuatl-English dictionary and concordance to the Cantares mexicanos. American Anthropologist 88 (4): pp. 1014–1016. doi:10.1525/aa.1986.88.4.02a00710. Garibay, A.M. (1965). Poesía náhuatl II. Mexico: UNAM. Garibay, A.M. (1968). Poesía náhuatl III. Mexico: UNAM. Karttunen, Frances; Bierhorst, John (1987). Review of Cantares mexicanos and A Nahuatl-English dictionary and concordance to the Cantares mexicanos. Language 63 (2): pp. 442–443. doi:10.2307/415694. JSTOR 415694. León-Portilla, Miguel (2011). Cantares mexicanos: Vols. I and II, Tomos 1 and 2, Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México. ISBN 978-607-02-2394-5. León-Portilla, Miguel (1992). Fifteen Poets of the Aztec World. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2441-5. OCLC 243733946. Lockhart, James (1991). Care, Ingenuity, and Irresponsibility: The Bierhorst Edition of the Cantares Mexicanos. Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Central Mexican History and Philology. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 141–157. ISBN 0-8047-1954-3. Also See, Romances de los Señores de Nueva España. ------------ Xicotencatl II (the younger) Xicohténcatl Axayacatzin Died 1521 Title Prince of Tlaxcalla Parents Xicotencatl I or the Elder Xicotencatl II Axayacatl, was also known as Xicotencatl the Younger was a prince and warrior, possibly titled Tlacochcalcatl, of 16th century Tlaxcala. His father, Xicotencatl I, the Elder, was king of Tizatlan, but Xicotencatl the Younger was the de facto ruler because of his father was old and sick. Xicotencatl means person from the bumblebees edge place. Xicotencatl II led the warriors that intercepted Hernán Cortés and his Totonac allies enroute to the coast of Veracruz. Historia Verdadera, by Bernal Díaz del Castillo and The histories of Tlaxcala, by Diego Muñoz Camargo describe how Xicotencatl II used an ambush strategy. He fought the enemy with a small force, then feigned a retreat, and lured the Spaniards to a trap. The Spaniards retreated with many men killed or wounded, and thereafter attempted to secured a peace treaty with the Tlaxcaltecs. Maxixcatzin, ruler of Ocotelolco, favoured an alliance, but Xicotencatl II, was suspicious. He strongly opposed, and continued fighting seeking to wipe out the Europeans. In a crucial moment, the warriors from Ocotelolco retreated, and followed the orders of Maxixcatzin. Xicotencatl was forced to accept peace. The Spaniards, and their Tlaxcaltec allies then marched on Tenochtitlan (Mexico City). One ponders what if Xicotencatl had succeeded and beat the Spanish. The Spaniards stayed in Mexico City, but hurriedly fled after killing Montezuma during La Noche Triste. They fled to Tlaxcala, and once again asked for help from the Tlaxcaltec. Xicotencatl II once again spoke against helping them, but Maxixcatzin spoke up and aided the Spaniards. They stayed in his palace, regrouped, and received reinforcements. During the final siege of Tenochtitlan, Xicotencatl II led his men against the Aztec, attacking from the north and near Texcoco. The night before the final march, he was arrested and charged with treason by Cortés and the Ocotelolcan chief Chichimecateuctli. He was accused of trying to flee to Tlaxcala, and was executed by hanging. Xicotencatl II was once seen as a traitor, because he tried to halt their arrival of the Spanish liberation of the Indians from Aztec dominance. Today hes seen as an indigenous hero who valiantly opposed the Spanish. Ethnohistorian Ross Hassig (2001) analysed his actions in terms of Tlaxcaltec politics. He concluded that Xicotencatl II was acting to further his political interests, and that of Tizatlan, over the opposing Ocotelolco faction. The charges lodged against him and his subsequent execution were, in Hassigs view, the result of the Ocotelolcans achieving the upper hand. References Hassig, Ross (January 2001). Xicotencatl: rethinking an indigenous Mexican hero (PDF online reproduction). Estudios de cultura náhuatl (México, D.F.: Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas—Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México) 32: 29–49. ISSN 0071-1675. OCLC 1568281. Muñoz Camargo, Diego (1892) [1585]. Historia de Tlaxcala. published and annotated by Alfredo Chavero, Mexico. *TEJANO GENEALOGY per Dr. Francisco Montalvo-Cadena and A. Lopez-Cadena, Washington, DC ©2014 Capt. Antonio de la Cadena Bullon + Isabel Pacheco Contreras (Antonio joined Juan de Oñate in the Entrada into Santa Fe, New Spain in 1598. Later testified before the Audencia, he lost the family fortune in the failed Santa Fe expedition). Antonio de la Cadena Vásquez + Leonor Alvarado (Leonor is THOUGHT TO BE a relation of conquistador Pedro de Alvarado and his alliance with Montezumas granddaughter) Antonio de la Cadena Maluenda (factor/treasurer) + Maria Vásquez de Bullon (She was his 2nd wife--married circa 1560s) Ref. Estudios de Historian Novohispana, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas Vol., V, México, 1974 Cuidad Universitaria, México 20, D.F. (María Vásquez de Bullon was the niece of Conquistador BERNARDINO VÁZQUEZ DE TAPIA)--La Calle de Cadena en México, by Guillermo PORRAS MUÑOZ, page 26, available in Spanish on the web. Lic. Pedro de Maluenda + Catalina de la Cadena (Maluenda was commissary for Hernán Cortés) Ref. Our Secret Heritage Francisco Montalvo Cadena and A. Omero Lopez Cadena, Library of Congress. Web Photo of Xicotencatl II
Posted on: Thu, 18 Dec 2014 22:14:24 +0000
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