TENDENCY: 1. INTRODUCTION (you may chose your own introduction based on the given sentence or you may use the first paragraph in the textbook which shows the complexity of the human soul). a. Definition: Tendency is the cause of human action. It is a force which directs the human being towards something. b. Tendencies are either needs or desires. When they are related to survival then they are needs. When they are related to the pleasure accompanied by the satisfaction of the need. c. Tendencies are de facto abstract forces, thus they cannot be observed. What we can observe are the effects of tendencies on human behavior and feelings. 2. PROBLEMATIC a. What are the origin, nature and kinds of tendencies? Are they psychological forces? Are they the products of biological changes? Are they related to the repetition of acts? Does pleasure create tendencies? 3. THEORIES: classical and psychoanalytical attitudes. a. Classical philosophers: reason and consciousness govern all aspects of life. Give example b. Psychoanalytic: . According to Freud there are certain forces which force the human beings how to act. Give example. b2. Three philosophical schools oppose Freud: Riobt; Behaviorists; Biologists and sensualists. I. Ribot: what we don’t see does not exist. To Ribot tendencies are explained as physiology: Tendency is a movement. II. Behaviorists: tendencies are habits that are produced by repetition. III. Biologists: tendencies originate in psychological conditions that have disturbed the organism’s equilibrium. Criticism from textbook page 4. (5 or 6 are enough). IV. Sensualists: tendency is formed after a certain sensation. Condillac is the main representative. Criticism: tendency may start without the experience of pleasure: pleasure does not create tendency. 4. KINDS OF TENDENCIES: egoistic, altruistic and idealistic. I. Egoistic tendencies: vegetative and animalistic. They motivate one towards his ego. II. Altruistic tendencies: motivate the human being towards what is different from him, rather others. III. Idealistic tendencies: these are forms of altruistic tendencies but which seek the something immaterial, such as goodness, truth beauty. IV. CRITICISM : : a. no tendency can be purely egoistic or altruistic; b. even in idealistic forms of tendencies there is an element of egoism.
Posted on: Mon, 19 Aug 2013 08:07:55 +0000
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