The Founding Fathers in Their Own Words What did they have to say about the separation of church and state? Did they intend for the United States to be a Christian nation based on Christian (or Judeo-Christian) values? Did they even hold religious views compatible with the views that fundamentalists are currently attempting to codify into law? You be the judge. Included here are many quotes from the founders on the following subjects: Religion and the law, especially in terms of the separation of church and state Christianity (and its various denominations), Judaism, and even Islam Personal views on religion The quotes listed here are all sourced and verified. I have included none of the many false quotes that have been circulating around the internet. With the standard of only including verified and relevant quotes, I have managed to include quotes from the following founders: Thomas Jefferson (the most widely quoted of them all, and it seems the most widely misquoted as well), James Madison, George Washington, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Adams, and for good measure, one from William Penn. compiled by Jerry Wyant First of all, misconceptions abound regarding what the Constitution says about Christianity, God, and religion. The writing of the Constitution took place in 1787 at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. The delegates to the Convention drew upon their experiences with Great Britain, state constitutions, and their study of the history of government. Many of these men were students and advocates of the Enlightenment. They did indeed believe in the virtues of education, general knowledge, scientific advancements, and practicality in government. But religion as a guiding principle for government? Here is the entirety of what the original Constitution says about religion: no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. Article VI, United States Constitution. Thats it. That is the entirety of what the Founders deemed necessary to include in the Constitution regarding religion. This is certainly not consistent with many of todays claims, and much of todays political rhetoric. What about the Bill of Rights, and the rest of the amendments? The entire text from the amendments regarding religion can be found at the very beginning of the First Amendment in the Bill of Rights: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion Nothing in the entire document, including all of the amendments, about the United States being a Christian nation. What the Constitution does say about religion does not support such a claim. When I point this out, I hear things like, yeah, but they put all of that in the Declaration of Independence. That document is loaded with many references to Christianity and makes it clear that we are to be a Christian nation. Really? The Declaration of Independence makes exactly four references of appeal to a singular higher power, none of which is in the same context as todays rhetoric about the United States as a Christian nation. Here they are, word for word: the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Natures God entitle them We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence Those four references are the only mentions of God in the Declaration of Independence. So much for the notion that it is loaded with proof that they created a Christian nation. The entire text of the Constitution, including amendments, can be found here. For the full text of the Declaration of Independence, click here. Now, on to other words from the founders. The Declaration of Independence was penned by Thomas Jefferson. He is the most widely quoted of the Founders on the subject of religion and government. I have included quotes from Jefferson on the subject of the separation of church and state, as well as many on the subject of his personal religious beliefs, so that they can be compared to the views of those who want to impose some sort of religious laws on the citizens of the United States. “I am for freedom of religion, & against all maneuvres to bring about a legal ascendancy of one sect over another.” -Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Elbridge Gerry (1799) “Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legislative powers of government reach actions only, and not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thus building a wall of separation between church and State.” -Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Danbury Baptist Association, CT. (1 January 1802) This statement is the origin of the often used phrase separation of Church and State”. “Christianity neither is, nor ever was, a part of the common law.” -Thomas Jefferson, Vol. 1 Whether Christianity is Part of the Common Law (1764). Published in The Works of Thomas Jefferson in Twelve Volumes, Federal Edition, Paul Leicester Ford, ed., New York: G. P. Putnams Sons, 1904,, p. 459. “The Pennsylvania legislature, who, on a proposition to make the belief in God a necessary qualification for office, rejected it by a great majority, although assuredly there was not a single atheist in their body. And you remember to have heard, that when the act for religious freedom was before the Virginia Assembly, a motion to insert the name of Jesus Christ before the phrase, the author of our holy religion, which stood in the bill, was rejected, although that was the creed of a great majority of them.” -Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Albert Gallatin (16 June 1817). Published in The Works of Thomas Jefferson in Twelve Volumes, Federal Edition, Paul Leicester Ford, ed., New York: G. P. Putnams Sons, 1904, Vol. 12, p. 73. “Religion & Govt. will both exist in greater purity, the less they are mixed together.” -James Madison, Letter to Edward Livingston (1822-07-10) “Besides the danger of a direct mixture of religion and civil government, there is an evil which ought to be guarded against in the indefinite accumulation of property from the capacity of holding it in perpetuity by ecclesiastical corporations. The establishment of the chaplainship in Congress is a palpable violation of equal rights as well as of Constitutional principles. The danger of silent accumulations and encroachments by ecclesiastical bodies has not sufficiently engaged attention in the U.S.” -James Madison, Monopolies, Perpetuities, Corporations, Ecclesiastical Endowments an essay probably written sometime between 1817 and 1832. It has sometimes been incorrectly portrayed as having been uncompleted notes written sometime around 1789 while opposing the bill to establish the office of Congressional Chaplain. It was first published as Aspects of Monopoly One Hundred Years Ago in 1914 by Harpers Magazine and later in Madisons Detached Memoranda by Elizabeth Fleet in William and Mary Quarterly (1946). “The Religion then of every man must be left to the conviction and conscience of every man; and it is the right of every man to exercise it as these may dictate. Who does not see that the same authority which can establish Christianity, in exclusion of all other Religions, may establish with the same ease any particular sect of Christians, in exclusion of all other Sects? that the same authority which can force a citizen to contribute three pence only of his property for the support of any one establishment, may force him to conform to any other establishment in all cases whatsoever? We hold it for a fundamental and undeniable truth, “that Religion or the duty which we owe to our Creator and the Manner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and conviction, not by force or violence.” The Religion then of every man must be left to the conviction and conscience of every man; and it is the right of every man to exercise it as these may dictate. This right is in its nature an unalienable right. It is unalienable; because the opinions of men, depending only on the evidence contemplated by their own minds, cannot follow the dictates of other men: It is unalienable also; because what is here a right towards men, is a duty towards the Creator. It is the duty of every man to render to the Creator such homage, and such only, as he believes to be acceptable to him. This duty is precedent both in order of time and degree of obligation, to the claims of Civil Society. Before any man can be considered as a member of Civil Society, he must be considered as a subject of the Governor of the Universe: And if a member of Civil Society, who enters into any subordinate Association, must always do it with a reservation of his duty to the general authority; much more must every man who becomes a member of any particular Civil Society, do it with a saving of his allegiance to the Universal Sovereign. We maintain therefore that in matters of Religion, no man’s right is abridged by the institution of Civil Society, and that Religion is wholly exempt from its cognizance. True it is, that no other rule exists, by which any question which may divide a Society, can be ultimately determined, but the will of the majority; but it is also true, that the majority may trespass on the rights of the minority. The free men of America did not wait till usurped power had strengthened itself by exercise, and entangled the question in precedents. They saw all the consequences in the principle, and they avoided the consequences by denying the principle. We revere this lesson too much soon to forget it. Who does not see that the same authority which can establish Christianity, in exclusion of all other Religions, may establish with the same ease any particular sect of Christians, in exclusion of all other Sects? that the same authority which can force a citizen to contribute three pence only of his property for the support of any one establishment, may force him to conform to any other establishment in all cases whatsoever? It is moreover to weaken in those who profess this Religion a pious confidence in its innate excellence and the patronage of its Author; and to foster in those who still reject it, a suspicion that its friends are too conscious of its fallacies to trust it to its own merits. During almost fifteen centuries has the legal establishment of Christianity been on trial. What have been its fruits? More or less in all places, pride and indolence in the Clergy, ignorance and servility in the laity, in both, superstition, bigotry and persecution. What influence in fact have ecclesiastical establishments had on Civil Society? In some instances they have been seen to erect a spiritual tyranny on the ruins of the Civil authority; in many instances they have been seen upholding the thrones of political tyranny: in no instance have they been seen the guardians of the liberties of the people. Rulers who wished to subvert the public liberty, may have found an established Clergy convenient auxiliaries. A just Government instituted to secure & perpetuate it needs them not. [A]ttempts to enforce by legal sanctions, acts obnoxious to go great a proportion of Citizens, tend to enervate the laws in general, and to slacken the bands of Society. If it be difficult to execute any law which is not generally deemed necessary or salutary, what must be the case, where it is deemed invalid and dangerous? And what may be the effect of so striking an example of impotency in the Government, on its general authority? Because finally, “the equal right of every citizen to the free exercise of his religion according to the dictates of conscience” is held by the same tenure with all his other rights. If we recur to its origin, it is equally the gift of nature; if we weigh its importance, it cannot be less dear to us; if we consider the “Declaration of those rights which pertain to the good people of Virginia, as the basis and foundation of government,” it is enumerated with equal solemnity, or rather studied emphasis. [Often misquoted as “Religion is the basis and foundation of government.”] We the Subscribers say, that the General Assembly of this Commonwealth have no such authority: And that no effort may be omitted on our part against so dangerous an usurpation, we oppose to it, this remonstrance; earnestly praying, as we are in duty bound, that the Supreme Lawgiver of the Universe, by illuminating those to whom it is addressed, may on the one hand, turn their Councils from every act which would affront his holy prerogative, or violate the trust committed to them: and on the other, guide them into every measure which may be worthy of his [blessing, may re]dound to their own praise, and may establish more firmly the liberties, the prosperity and the happiness of the Commonwealth.“ -James Madison, Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments (1785), opposing a Bill establishing a provision for Teachers of the Christian Religion “The Citizens of the United States of America have a right to applaud themselves for giving to Mankind examples of an enlarged and liberal policy: a policy worthy of imitation. All possess alike liberty of conscience and immunities of citizenship. It is now no more that toleration is spoken of, as if it was by the indulgence of one class of people that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent natural rights. For happily the Government of the United States, which gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance, requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens in giving it on all occasions their effectual support. May the Children of the Stock of Abraham, who dwell in this land, continue to merit and enjoy the good will of the other Inhabitants; while every one shall sit under his own vine and fig tree, and there shall be none to make him afraid.” -George Washington, Letter to the Hebrew Congregation of Newport, Rhode Island (1790) “We have abundant reason to rejoice, that, in this land, the light of truth and reason has triumphed over the power of bigotry and superstition, and that every person may here worship God according to the dictates of his own heart. In this enlightened age, & in this land of equal liberty, it is our boast, that a mans religious tenets will not forfeit the protection of the laws, nor deprive him of the right of attaining & holding the highest offices that are known in the United States. Your prayers for my present and future felicity are received with gratitude; and I sincerely wish, Gentlemen, that you may in your social and individual capacities taste those blessings, which a gracious God bestows upon the righteous.” -George Washington, Letter to the the members of The New Church in Baltimore (22 January 1793), published in The Writings Of George Washington (1835) by Jared Sparks, p. 201 “Let us with caution indulge the supposition, that morality can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect, that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle.” -George Washington, Farewell Address “We think ourselves possessed, or, at least, we boast that we are so, of liberty of conscience on all subjects, and of the right of free inquiry and private judgment in all cases, and yet how far are we from these exalted privileges in fact! There exists, I believe, throughout the whole Christian world, a law which makes it blasphemy to deny or doubt the divine inspiration of all the books of the Old and New Testaments, from Genesis to Revelations. In most countries of Europe it is punished by fire at the stake, or the rack, or the wheel. In England itself it is punished by boring through the tongue with a poker. In America it is not better; even in our own Massachusetts, which I believe, upon the whole, is as temperate and moderate in religious zeal as most of the States, a law was made in the latter end of the last century, repealing the cruel punishments of the former laws, but substituting fine and imprisonment upon all those blasphemers upon any book of the Old Testament or New. Now, what free inquiry, when a writer must surely encounter the risk of fine or imprisonment for adducing any argument for investigating into the divine authority of those books? Who would run the risk of translating Dupuis? But I cannot enlarge upon this subject, though I have it much at heart. I think such laws a great embarrassment, great obstructions to the improvement of the human mind. Books that cannot bear examination, certainly ought not to be established as divine inspiration by penal laws. It is true, few persons appear desirous to put such laws in execution, and it is also true that some few persons are hardy enough to venture to depart from them. But as long as they continue in force as laws, the human mind must make an awkward and clumsy progress in its investigations. I wish they were repealed. The substance and essence of Christianity, as I understand it, is eternal and unchangeable, and will bear examination forever, but it has been mixed with extraneous ingredients, which I think will not bear examination, and they ought to be separated.” -John Adams, Letter to Thomas Jefferson (23 January 1825), published in Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams (UNC Press, 1988), p. 607. “As to Jesus of Nazareth, my Opinion of whom you particularly desire, I think the System of Morals and his Religion, as he left them to us, the best the world ever saw or is likely to see; but I apprehend it has received various corrupt changes, and I have, with most of the present Dissenters in England, some Doubts as to his divinity; tho it is a question I do not dogmatize upon, having never studied it, and I think it needless to busy myself with it now, when I expect soon an Opportunity of knowing the Truth with less Trouble.” -Benjamin Franklin, As quoted in Benjamin Franklin: An Exploration of a Life of Science and Service (1938) by Carl Van Doren, p. 777 “In regard to religion, mutual toleration in the different professions thereof is what all good and candid minds in all ages have ever practised, and, both by precept and example, inculcated on mankind.” -Samuel Adams, The Rights of the Colonists (1772) “All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences; no man can of right be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent; no human authority can, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience, and no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious establishment or modes of worship.” -William Penn, Declaration of Rights “All persons shall have full and free liberty of religious opinion; nor shall any be compelled to frequent or maintain any religious institution.” -Thomas Jefferson, Draft Constitution for Virginia (June 1776) “In the middle ages of Christianity opposition to the State opinions was hushed. The consequence was, Christianity became loaded with all the Romish follies. Nothing but free argument, raillery & even ridicule will preserve the purity of religion.” -Thomas Jefferson, Notes on Religion (October 1776), published in The Works of Thomas Jefferson in Twelve Volumes, Federal Edition, Paul Leicester Ford, ed., New York: G. P. Putnams Sons, 1904, Vol. 2, p. 256. This is by no means an exhaustive list of quotes available from the Founders expressing similar sentiments. Not convinced yet? Or perhaps you would like to see more for reference and study. Click here to see several more quotes from Thomas Jefferson. The Founders clearly intended to establish a nation free from government advocacy of any religion. They received their values from many sources, some Christian and some not. They believed that religious matters were deeply personal and government had no role to play. They were not unanimous in their personal religious views, and many of these personal views differed widely from those that many people want to impose on us today through legislation. The Founding Fathers believed that both religion and government would be stronger with a complete separation of the two. The concept of the separation of church and state has been present from the beginning.
Posted on: Wed, 24 Sep 2014 19:06:22 +0000
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