The Oppression of isiXhosa Literature and the Irony of Transformation by Russell H. Kaschula, Head of the School of Languages and Professor of African Language Studies: isiXhosa at Rhodes University, Grahamstown This article will contend that the natural development of isiXhosa orature and literature, as with all South African indigenous literatures, ended with the arrival of European missionaries in 1799. The apartheid policy then exacerbated the destructive approaches to indigenous languages already in operation as it designated separate language boards for language development. These boards operated in the ‘homelands’ and were generally conservative, corrupt and oppressive. The manuscripts they recommended to publishers were for the most part only those that could be prescribed in schools. This resulted in the publishing of material that was parochial, apolitical and neutral in style. Often the material prescribed was written by the board members themselves. For instance, Lennox Sebe, erstwhile President of the Ciskei, produced an isiXhosa book entitled Ucamngco, for prescription, though it seems to contain little original material. Laurence Wright has shown that the opposite was true for English literature written by black South Africans and published internationally in the 1970s, at the height of apartheid (2004, 47). He describes, for instance, how one of the manuscript readers of Peteni’s seminal novel, Hill of Fools (1976), rejected it as irrelevant and unsuitable for publication precisely because it made no reference to South Africa’s turbulent politics. Throughout this period, however, only apolitical novels were published in the indigenous languages. Today, speakers of African languages themselves are loath to read literature written in indigenous languages. The only book that sells well in African languages is the Bible. Has isiXhosa literature, then, lost its sense of place, its sense of spirituality, or the will to provide mature commentary on the society in which we live? English in Africa 35 No. 1 (May 2008): 117-132 eprints.ru.ac.za/1695/1/Oppression.pdf I am indebted to the author, Prof. Russell H. Kaschula, for kindly permitting me to cite the above extract. The novel The Hill of Fools was translated into isiXhosa by the author, R.L. Peteni, in 1980. The isiXhosa translation KwaZidenge is published by David Philip Publishers in Cape Town. The ISBN number of the book is 0908396376.
Posted on: Tue, 30 Jul 2013 11:32:22 +0000
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