The history of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. The first message was sent over the ARPANet, which evolved into the internet, from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrocks laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA ), after the second piece of network equipment was installed at Stanford Research Institute ( SRI ). Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK , CYCLADES, Merit Network , Tymnet , and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks. In 1982, the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was standardized, and consequently, the concept of a world-wide network of interconnected TCP/IP networks, called the Internet, was introduced. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) developed the Computer Science Network (CSNET) and again in 1986 when NSFNET provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. The Internet was commercialized in 1995 when NSFNET was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic. Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail , instant messaging, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) phone calls, two-way interactive video calls , and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking , and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSFs very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), Internet2 , and National LambdaRail. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internets takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms: it only communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 1993, already 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated information by 2007. [1] Today the Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, entertainment, and social networking. Internet history timeline Early research and development: 1961 – First packet-switching papers 1966 – Merit Network founded 1966 – ARPANET planning starts 1969 – ARPANET carries its first packets 1970 – Mark I network at NPL (UK) 1970 – Network Information Center (NIC) 1971 – Merit Networks packet-switched network operational 1971 – Tymnet packet-switched network 1972 – Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) established 1973 – CYCLADES network demonstrated 1974 – Telenet packet-switched network 1976 – X.25 protocol approved 1978 – Minitel introduced 1979 – Internet Activities Board (IAB) 1980 – USENET news using UUCP 1980 – Ethernet standard introduced 1981 – BITNET established Merging the networks and creating the Internet: 1981 – Computer Science Network (CSNET) 1982 – TCP/IP protocol suite formalized 1982 – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 1983 – Domain Name System (DNS) 1983 – MILNET split off from ARPANET 1985 – First .COM domain name registered 1986 – NSFNET with 56 kbit/s links 1986 – Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 1987 – UUNET founded 1988 – NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1) 1988 – OSI Reference Model released 1988 – Morris worm 1989 – Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 1989 – PSINet founded, allows commercial traffic 1989 – Federal Internet Exchanges (FIXes) 1990 – GOSIP (without TCP/IP ) 1990 – ARPANET decommissioned 1990 – Advanced Network and Services (ANS) 1990 – UUNET/Alternet allows commercial traffic 1990 – Archie search engine 1991 – Wide area information server (WAIS) 1991 – Gopher 1991 – Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX) 1991 – ANS CO+RE allows commercial traffic 1991 – World Wide Web (WWW) 1992 – NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3) 1992 – Internet Society (ISOC) established 1993 – Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) 1993 – InterNIC established 1993 – Mosaic web browser released 1994 – Full text web search engines 1994 – North American Network Operators Group (NANOG) established Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet: 1995 – New Internet architecture with commercial ISPs connected at NAPs 1995 – NSFNET decommissioned 1995 – GOSIP updated to allow TCP/IP 1995 – very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) 1995 – IPv6 proposed 1998 – Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) 1999 – IEEE 802.11b wireless networking 1999 – Internet2 / Abilene Network 1999 – vBNS+ allows broader access 2000 – Dot-com bubble bursts 2001 – New top-level domain names activated 2001 – Code Red I , Code Red II , and Nimda worms 2003 – UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I 2003 – National LambdaRail founded 2004 – UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG) 2005 – UN WSIS phase II 2006 – First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum 2010 – First internationalized country code top-level domains registered 2012 – ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names
Posted on: Tue, 11 Mar 2014 08:31:09 +0000
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