There are 4 autoantibodies which are markers of beta-cell autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. These are islet cell antibodies (ICA, against cytoplasmic proteins in the beta cell), antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-65), insulin autoantibodies (IAA), and IA-2A to protein tyrosine phosphatase. Autoantibodies against GAD 65 are found in 80% of people with type 1 diabetes at clinical presentation. High titres of ICA and IA-2A at diagnosis for type 1 diabetes range from 69–90% and 54–75% in affected patients, respectively. Cytoplasmic ICA are IgG antibodies which can react on frozen sections of human, rat or mouse pancreas. High titres of ICA are also found in approximately 3% of first degree relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes and in 0.2% of the general population. IAA prevalence correlates inversely with age at onset of diabetes; it is usually the first marker in young children at risk for diabetes and is found in approximately 70% of young children at the time of diagnosis.
Posted on: Wed, 19 Mar 2014 09:13:20 +0000
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