Tonight on FM Radio Late Talk: Hammond Organ From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is a good article!!! Keyboard players love these instruments!!! Especially with Leslie speakers!!! Hammond Organs... Manufactured by The Hammond Organ Company (1935–1985) Hammond Organ Australia (1986–1989)[1] Hammond-Suzuki (1989–present)[2][3] Dates 1935–1975 (tonewheel models) 1967–1985 (transistor models) 1986–present (digital models) Price $1,193 (Model A, 1935)[4] $2,745 (Model B-3, 1954)[5] Technical specifications Polyphony Full Oscillator Tonewheel Synthesis type Additive Effects Vibrato, reverb, harmonic percussion Input/output Keyboard 2 x 61-note manuals, 25-note pedals (consoles) 2 x 44-note manuals, 13-note pedals (spinets) External control Amphenol connector to Hammond Tone Cabinet or Leslie Speaker The Hammond organ is an electric organ invented by Laurens Hammond and John M. Hanert[6] and first manufactured in 1935.[7] Various models have been produced, most of which use sliding drawbars to create a variety of sounds. Until 1975, Hammond organs generated sound by creating an electric current from rotating a metal tonewheel near an electromagnetic pickup. Around two million Hammond organs have been manufactured, and it has been described as one of the most successful organs. The organ is commonly used with, and associated with, the Leslie speaker. The organ was originally marketed and sold by the Hammond Organ Company to churches as a lower-cost alternative to the wind-driven pipe organ, or instead of a piano. It quickly became popular with professional jazz musicians, who found it a cheaper alternative to the big band. Jimmy Smiths use of the Hammond B-3, with its additional harmonic percussion feature, inspired a generation of organ players, and its use became more widespread in the 1960s and 1970s in rhythm and blues, rock and reggae, as well as being an important instrument in progressive rock. The Hammond Organ Company struggled financially during the 1970s as they abandoned tonewheel organs and switched to manufacturing instruments using integrated circuits. These instruments were not as popular with musicians as the tonewheels had been, and the company went out of business in 1985. The Hammond name was purchased by the Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation, which proceeded to manufacture digital simulations of the most popular tonewheel organs. This culminated in the production of the New B-3 in 2002, which provided an accurate recreation of the original B-3 organ using modern digital technology. Hammond-Suzuki continues to manufacture a variety of organs for both the professional player and the church. Other companies, such as Korg, Roland and Clavia, have also achieved success in providing emulations of the original tonewheel organs. The sound of a tonewheel Hammond can also be emulated using modern software such as Native Instruments B4. Contents 1 Features 1.1 Keyboards and pedalboard 1.2 Drawbars 1.3 Presets 1.4 Vibrato and chorus 1.5 Harmonic Percussion 1.6 Start and Run switches 2 History 2.1 Background 2.2 Tonewheel organs 2.3 Transistor organs 2.4 Hammond-Suzuki 3 Speakers 3.1 Tone cabinet 3.2 Leslie speaker 4 Tone generation 5 Clones and emulation devices 6 Notable users 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Features A number of distinctive Hammond organ features are not usually found on other keyboards like the piano or synthesizer. Some are similar to a pipe organ, but others are unique to the instrument.[8] Keyboards and pedalboard C Note Menu 0:00 A single note (C) played on a Hammond organ. Problems playing this file? See media help. Unlike an American Guild of Organists pedalboard, a console Hammond normally has 25 pedals[9] Most Hammond organs have two 61-note (5-octave) manuals. Each manual is laid out in a similar manner to a piano keyboard, except pressing a key results in the sound continuously playing until it is released. There is no difference in volume regardless of how heavily the key is pressed, so overall volume is controlled by a foot pedal (also known as a swell or expression pedal).[10] The keys on each manual have a lightweight action, which allows players to perform rapid passages more easily than on a piano. In contrast to piano and pipe organ keys, Hammond keys have a flat-front profile, commonly referred to as waterfall style. Early Hammond console models had sharp edges, but starting with the B-2 these were rounded, as they were cheaper to manufacture.[11] The M series of spinets also had waterfall keys (which has subsequently made them ideal for spares on B-3s and C-3s[12]), but later models had diving board style keys which resembled those found on a church organ. Modern Hammond-Suzuki models use waterfall keys. Hammond console organs come with a wooden pedalboard played with the feet, for bass notes. Most Hammond pedalboards have 25 notes, with the top note a middle C, because Hammond found that on traditional 32-note pedalboards used in churches, the top seven notes were seldom used. The Hammond Concert models E, RT, RT-2, RT-3 and D-100 had 32-note American Guild of Organists (AGO) pedalboards going up to the G above middle C as the top note.[9] The RT-2, RT-3 and D-100 also contained a separate solo pedal system that had its own volume control and various other features.[13] Spinet models had 12- or 13-note miniature pedalboards with stamped steel pedals. Drawbars The sound on a Hammond is varied using drawbars, similar to faders on an audio mixing board[14] The sound on a tonewheel Hammond organ is varied through the manipulation of drawbars. A drawbar is a metal slider that controls the volume of a particular sound component, in a similar way to a fader on an audio mixing board. As a drawbar is incrementally pulled out, it increases the volume of its sound. When pushed all the way in, the volume is decreased to zero.[14] The labeling of the drawbar derives from the stop system in pipe organs, in which the physical length of the pipe corresponds to the pitch produced. Most Hammonds contain nine drawbars per manual. The drawbar marked 8 generates the fundamental of the note being played, the drawbar marked 16 is an octave below, and the drawbars marked 4, 2 and 1 are one, two and three octaves above respectively. The other drawbars generate various subharmonics of the note.[15] While each individual drawbar generates a relatively pure sound similar to a flute or electronic oscillator, more complex sounds can be created by mixing the drawbars in varying amounts.[16] Some spinet models do not include the two subharmonic drawbars on the lower manual. Some drawbar settings have become well known and associated with certain musicians. A very popular setting is 888000000 (i.e., with the drawbars labelled 16, 51/3 and 8 fully pulled out), and has been identified as the classic Jimmy Smith sound.[17] Presets Preset keys on a Hammond organ are reverse-colored and sit to the left of the manuals In addition to drawbars, many Hammond tonewheel organ models also include presets, which make predefined drawbar combinations available at the press of a button. Console organs have one octave of reverse colored keys (naturals are black, sharps and flats are white) to the left of each manual, with each key activating a preset; the far left key (C), also known as the cancel key, de-activates all presets, and results in no sound coming from that manual. The two right-most preset keys (B and B♭) activate the corresponding set of drawbars for that manual, while the other preset keys produce preselected drawbar settings that are internally wired into the preset panel.[18] Presets can be changed by rerouting the associated color-coded wires on the rear of the organ. Some spinet models have flip tabs for presets situated above the manuals. Vibrato and chorus Hammond organs have a built-in vibrato effect that provides a small variation in pitch while a note is being played, and a chorus effect where a notes sound is combined with another sound at a slightly different and varying pitch. The best known vibrato and chorus system consists of six settings, V1, V2, V3, C1, C2 and C3 (i.e., 3 vibrato and 3 chorus), which can be selected via a rotary switch. Vibrato / chorus can be selected for each manual independently.[19] Harmonic Percussion The B-3 and C-3 models introduced the concept of Harmonic Percussion, which was designed to emulate the percussive sounds of the harp, xylophone and marimba.[20] When selected, this feature plays a decaying second- or third-harmonic overtone when a key is pressed. The selected percussion harmonic fades out, leaving the sustained tones the player selected with the drawbars. The volume of this percussive effect is selectable as either Normal or Soft.[21] Harmonic Percussion retriggers only after all notes have been released, so legato passages sound the effect only on the very first note or chord, making Harmonic Percussion uniquely a single-trigger, polyphonic effect[22] Start and Run switches Before a Hammond organ can produce sound, the motor that drives the tonewheels must come up to speed. On most models, starting a Hammond organ involves two switches. The Start switch turns a dedicated starter motor, which must run for about 12 seconds. Then, the Run switch is turned on for about four seconds. The Start switch is then released, whereupon the organ is ready to generate sound.[5] The H-100 console and L-100 and T-100 spinet organs, however, had a self-starting motor that required only a single On switch.[23] History Background The Hammond organs technology derives from the Telharmonium, an instrument created in 1897 by Thaddeus Cahill. The telharmonium used revolving electric alternators which generated tones that could be transmitted over wires. The instrument was bulky, because the alternators had to be large enough to generate high voltage for a loud enough signal. The Hammond organ solved this problem by using an amplifier.[24] Laurens Hammond graduated from Cornell University with a mechanical engineering degree in 1916. By the start of the 1920s he had designed a spring-driven clock, which provided enough sales for him to start his own business, the Hammond Clock Company, in 1928. As well as clocks, his early inventions included 3D glasses and an automatic bridge table shuffler.[25] However, as the Great Depression continued into the 1930s, sales of the bridge table declined and he decided to look elsewhere for a commercially successful product. Hammond got the idea for the tonewheel or phonic wheel by listening to the moving gears of his electric clocks and the tones produced by them.[26] He gathered pieces from a second-hand piano he had purchased for $15 and combined it with a tonewheel generator in a similar form to the telharmonium, albeit much shorter and more compact. Since Hammond was not a musician, he asked the companys assistant treasurer, W. L. Lahey, to help him achieve the desired organ sound.[27] To cut costs, Hammond made a pedalboard with only 25 notes, instead of the standard 32 on church organs, and it quickly became a de facto standard.[26] On April 24, 1934, Hammond filed U.S. Patent 1,956,350 for an electrical musical instrument,[28] which was personally delivered to the patent office by Hanert, explaining that they could start production immediately and it would be good for local employment in Chicago.[29] The invention was unveiled to the public in April 1935 and the first model, the Model A, was made available in June of that year.[4] Over 1,750 churches purchased a Hammond organ in the first three years of manufacturing, and by the end of the 1930s over 200 instruments were being made each month.[30] For all its subsequent success with professional musicians, the original company did not target its products at that market, principally because Hammond did not think there was enough money in it.[31] It has been estimated that the Hammond Organ Company produced about two million instruments in its lifetime; these have been described as probably the most successful electronic organs ever made.[30] In 1966, it was estimated that about 50,000 churches had installed a Hammond.[32] In 1936, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) filed a complaint claiming that the Hammond Company made false and misleading claims in advertisements for its organ, including that the Hammond could produce the entire range of tone coloring of a pipe organ.[33] The complaint resulted in lengthy hearing proceedings, which featured a series of auditory tests that pitted a Hammond costing about $2600 against a $75,000 Skinner pipe organ in the University of Chicago Rockefeller Chapel.[34] During the auditory tests, sustained tones and excerpts from musical works were played on the electric and pipe organs while a group of musicians and laymen attempted to distinguish between the instruments. While attorneys for Hammond argued that the test listeners were wrong or guessed nearly half the time, witnesses for the FTC claimed that Hammond employees had unfairly manipulated the Skinner organ to sound more like the Hammond.[35] In 1938, the FTC ordered Hammond to cease and desist a number of advertising claims, including that its instrument was equivalent to a $10,000 pipe organ.After the FTCs decision, Hammond claimed that the hearings had vindicated his companys assertions that the organ produced real, fine, and beautiful music, phrases which were each cited in the FTCs original complaint but not included in the cease and desist order. Hammond also claimed that although the hearing was expensive for his company, the proceedings generated so much publicity that as a result we sold enough extra organs to cover the expense.[36] A key ingredient to the Hammond organs success was through the use of dealerships and a sense of community. Several dedicated organ dealers set up business in the United States[37] and there was a bi-monthly newsletter, The Hammond Times, mailed out to subscribers.[38] Advertisements tended to show families centered around the instrument, often with a child playing it, as an attempt to show the organ as a center-point of home life and to encourage children to learn music.[39] Tonewheel organs Hammond organs, as manufactured by the original company, can be divided into two main groups: Console organs have two 61-note manuals and a pedalboard of at least two octaves. Most consoles do not have a built-in power amplifier or speakers, so an external speaker cabinet is required. Spinet organs have two 44-note manuals and one octave of pedals, plus an internal power amplifier and set of speakers.[40] Console organs Medley Menu 0:00 A medley played on a 1935 Model A Hammond organ through a Leslie speaker. Problems playing this file? See media help. The B-3 was the most popular Hammond organ, produced from 1954 to 1974[41] The first model in production, in June 1935, was the Model A. It contained most of the features that came to be standard on all console Hammonds, including two 61-key manuals, a 25-key pedalboard, an expression pedal, 12 reverse-color preset keys, two sets of drawbars for each manual, and one for the pedals.[5] To address concerns that the sound of the Hammond was not rich enough to accurately mimic a pipe organ, the model BC was introduced in December 1936. It included a chorus generator, in which a second tonewheel system added slightly sharp or flat tones to the overall sound of each note. The cabinet was made deeper to accommodate this.[5] Production of the old Model A cases stopped, but the older model continued to be available as the AB until October 1938.[4] Criticism that the Hammond organ was more aesthetically suitable to the home instead of the church led to the introduction of the model C in September 1939. It contained the same internals as the AB or BC, but covered on the front and sides by modesty panels to allow for modesty while playing in a skirt, often a consideration when a church organ was placed in front of the congregation. The model C did not contain the chorus generator, but had space in the cabinet for it to be fitted. The concurrent model D was a model C with a pre-fitted chorus.[42] Development of the vibrato system took place during the early 1940s, and was put into production shortly after the end of World War II. The various models available were the BV and CV (vibrato only) and BCV and DV (vibrato and chorus).[5] The level of vibrato was originally fixed; this changed in 1949 with the introduction of the B-2 and C-2, in which vibrato could be adjusted.[17] In 1954, the B-3 and C-3 models were introduced with the additional harmonic percussion feature.[43] Despite several attempts by Hammond to replace them, these two models remained popular[44] and stayed in continuous production through the end of 1974.[41] The H-100 was an unsuccessful attempt to replace the B-3 To cater more specifically to the church market, Hammond introduced the Concert Model E in July 1937, which included a full 32-note pedalboard and four electric switches known as toe pistons, allowing various sounds to be selected by the feet.[45] The model E was replaced by the model RT in 1949, which retained the full size pedalboard, but otherwise was internally identical to the B and C models. RT-2 and RT-3 models subsequently appeared in line with the B-2/C-2 and B-3/C-3 respectively.[46] In 1959, Hammond introduced the A-100 series. It was effectively a self-contained version of the B-3/C-3, with an internal power amplifier and speakers. The organ was manufactured in a variety of different chassis, with the last two digits of the specific model number determining the style and finish of the instrument. For example, A-105 was Tudor styling in light oak or walnut, while the A-143 was warm cherry finish, Early American styling.[47] This model numbering scheme was used for several other series of console and spinet organs that subsequently appeared. The D-100 series, which provided a self-contained version of the RT-3, followed in 1963.[9] The E-100 series was a cost-reduced version of the A-100 introduced in 1965, with only one set of drawbars per manual, a reduced number of presets, and a slightly different tone generator.[48] This was followed by the H-100 series, with a redesigned tonewheel generator and various other additional features.[44] Unfortunately, the organ was not particularly well made, and suffered a reputation for being unreliable. Hammond service engineer Harvey Olsen said When they [H-100s] work, they sound pretty decent. But die-hard enthusiasts wont touch it.[49] Spinet organs The L-100 spinet was particularly popular in the UK[50] Though the instrument had been originally designed for use in a church, Hammond realized that the amateur home market was a far more lucrative business, and started manufacturing spinet organs in the late 1940s.[51] Outside of the United States, they were manufactured in greater numbers than the consoles, and hence were more widely used. Several different types of M series instruments were produced between 1948 and 1964; they contained two 44-note manuals with one set of drawbars each, and a 12-note pedalboard. The M model was produced from 1948 to 1951, the M-2 from 1951 to 1955, and the M-3 from 1955 to 1964.[12] The M series was replaced by the M-100 series in 1961, which used a numbering system to identify the body style and finish as used on earlier console series. It included the same manuals as the M, but increased the pedalboard size to 13 notes, stretching a full octave, and included a number of presets.[52] The T-402 was one of the last tonewheel organs manufactured and included a built in drum machine The L-100 series entered production at the same time as the M-100. It was an economy version, with various cost cutting changes so the organ could retail for under $1000. The vibrato was a simpler circuit than on other consoles and spinets. Two variations of the vibrato were provided, plus a chorus that mixed various vibrato signals together. The expression pedal, based on a cheaper design, was not as sophisticated as on the other organs.[53] The L-100 was particularly popular in the UK and sold well, with several notable British musicians using it instead of a B-3 or C-3.[50] The T series, produced from 1968 to 1975, was the last of the tonewheel spinet organs. Unlike all the earlier Hammond organs, which used vacuum tubes for pre-amplification, amplification, Percussion and Chorus-Vibrato control, the T series used all-solid-state, transistor circuitry, though, unlike the L-100, it did include the scanner-vibrato as seen on the B-3.[54] Other than the T-100 series models, all other T-Series models included a built-in rotating Leslie speaker and some included an analog drum machine,[55] while the T-500 also included a built-in cassette recorder.[56] It was one of the last tonewheel Hammonds produced.[17] Transistor organs Hammond started making transistor organs by the mid-1970s In the 1960s, Hammond started making transistor organs. The first organ that bridged the gap between tonewheel and transistor was the X-66, introduced in May 1967. The X-66 contained just 12 tonewheels, and used electronics for frequency division. It contained separate vibrato bass and vibrato treble in an attempt to simulate a Leslie speaker. Hammond designed it as the companys flagship product, in another attempt to replace the B-3 as the organ of choice. Unfortunately, it was very expensive, retailing for nearly $10,000 and, consequently, was never popular.[57] Hammond introduced their first integrated circuit (IC) model, the Concorde, in 1971.[58] The company had stopped manufacturing tonewheel organs entirely by 1975, due to increased financial inefficiency,[59] and switched to making IC models full-time. Console models included the 8000 Aurora (1976) and 8000M Aurora (1977), which contained drawbars and a built-in rotating speaker. Spinet organs included the Romance series, manufactured between 1977 and 1983.[60] In 1979, a Japanese offshoot, Nihon Hammond, introduced the X-5, a portable solid-state clone of the B-3.[17] Hammond-Suzuki Hammond-Suzuki produced the XB-3, a digital emulation of a tonewheel organ, during the 1990s Laurens Hammond died in 1973,[17] and the company struggled to survive, proposing an acquiring of Roland in 1972, which was turned down.[61] Rolands Ikutaro Kakehashi did not believe it was practical at that point to move the entire manufacturing operation from Chicago to Japan, and also viewed Hammonds declining sales figures as a problem.[58] Hammond went out of business in 1985, though servicing and spares continued to be available after this under the name of The Organ Service Company.[62] In early 1986, the Hammond brand and rights were acquired by Hammond Organ Australia, run by Noel Crabbe.[1] The name was purchased by the Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation in 1989,[2] who rebranded the company as Hammond-Suzuki.[17] Although nominally a Japanese company, founder Manji Suzuki was a fan of the instrument and retained several former Hammond Organ Company staff for research and development,[63] and ensured that production would partially remain in the United States.[64] The new company produced their own brand of portable organs, including the XB-2, XB-3 and XB-5. Sound on Sounds Rod Spark, a longtime Hammond enthusiast, said these models were a matter of taste, of course, but I dont think theyre a patch on the old ones.[17] In 2002, Hammond-Suzuki relaunched the B-3 as the New B-3, a re-creation of the original electromechanical instrument using modern-day electronics and a digital tonewheel simulator. The New B-3 is constructed to appear like the original B-3, and the designers attempted to retain the subtle nuances of the familiar B-3 sound. Hammond-Suzuki promotional material states that it would be difficult for even an experienced B-3 player to distinguish between the old and new B-3 organs. A review of the New B-3 by Hugh Robjohns called it a true replica of an original B-3 ... in terms of the look and layout, and the actual sound.[15] The instrument project nearly stalled after a breakdown in negotiations between Japanese and United States staff, the latter of whom insisted on manufacturing the case in the United States and designing the organ to identical specifications to the original.[65] The Hammond SK1 included emulations of electric pianos and other keyboard sounds in addition to organ The company has since released the XK-3, a single-manual organ using the same digital tonewheel technology as the New B-3. The XK-3 is part of a modular system that allows an integrated lower manual and pedals to be added.[66] In response to some clones including a variety of vintage keyboards in a single package, Hammond released the SK series of organs, which include grand piano, Rhodes piano, Wurlitzer electronic piano, Hohner Clavinet and samples of wind and brass instruments alongside the standard drawbar and tonewheel emulation.[67] Keyboard Magazines Stephen Fortner praised the single manual SK1, indicated that it gave an accurate sound throughout the range of drawbar settings, and said the organ sound was fat, warm, utterly authentic.[68] In the US, Hammond manufactures a number of dedicated console organs, including the B-3mk2 and the C-3mk2, and the A-405, a Chapel Console Organ. The company has a dedicated Church Advisory Team that provides a consultancy so that churches can choose the most appropriate instrument.[69] Speakers Tone cabinet The authorized loudspeaker enclosure to use with a console organ was the Hammond Tone Cabinet, which housed an external amplifier and speaker in a box.[70] The cabinet carried a balanced mono signal along with the necessary mains power directly from the organ,[71] using a six-pin cable.[72] Spinet organs contained a built-in power amplifier and loudspeakers, and so did not require a tone cabinet. The tone cabinet was originally the only method of adding reverb to a Hammond organ; reverb was not fitted to older organs.[73] The most commercially successful tone cabinets were probably the PR series, particularly the 40-watt PR40.[74] Leslie speaker Main article: Leslie speaker Chord Sequence Menu 0:00 A simple chord sequence played on a Hammond organ through a Leslie speaker. Problems playing this file? See media help. A Leslie speaker with a transparent case Many players prefer to play the Hammond through a rotating speaker cabinet known, after several name changes, as a Leslie speaker, after its inventor Donald J. Leslie. The Leslie system is an integrated speaker/amplifier combination in which sound is emitted by a rotating horn over a stationary treble compression driver, and a rotating baffle beneath a stationary bass woofer. This creates a characteristic sound because of the constantly changing pitch shifts that result from the Doppler effect created by the moving sound sources.[75] The Leslie was originally designed to mimic the complex tones and constantly shifting sources of sound emanating from a large group of ranks in a pipe organ. The effect varies depending on the speed of the rotors, which can be toggled between fast (tremolo) and slow (chorale) using a console or pedal switch, with the most distinctive effect occurring as the speaker rotation speed changes. The most popular Leslies were the 122, which accepted a balanced signal suitable for console organs, and the 147, which accepted an unbalanced signal and could be used for spinet organs with a suitable adapter.[76] The Pro-Line series of Leslies which were made to be portable for gigging bands using solid-state amps were popular during the 1970s.[77] Leslie initially tried to sell his invention to Hammond, but Laurens Hammond was unimpressed and declined to purchase it. Hammond modified their interface connectors to be Leslie-proof, but Leslie quickly engineered a workaround.[78] The Leslie company was sold to CBS in 1965[79] and was finally bought by Hammond in 1980. Hammond-Suzuki acquired the rights to Leslie in 1992;[2] the company currently markets a variety of speakers under this name.[66] As well as faithful reissues of the original 122 speaker, the company announced in 2013 that they would start manufacturing a standalone Leslie simulator in a stomp box.[80] Tone generation The tonewheel rotates beside an electromagnetic pickup. Although they are sometimes included in the category of electronic organs, the majority of Hammond organs are, strictly speaking, electric or electromechanical rather than electronic organs because the sound is produced by moving parts rather than electronic oscillators.[15] The basic component sound of a Hammond organ comes from a tonewheel. Each one rotates in front of an electromagnetic pickup. The variation in the magnetic field induces a small alternating current (AC) at a particular frequency, which represents a signal similar to a sine wave. When a key is pressed on the organ, it completes a circuit of nine electrical switches, which are linked to the drawbars. The position of the drawbars, combined with the switches selected by the key pressed, determines which tonewheels are allowed to sound.[81][82][83] Every tonewheel is connected to a synchronous motor via a system of gears, which ensures that each note remains at a constant relative pitch to every other.[84] The combined signal from all depressed keys and pedals is fed through to the vibrato system, which is driven by a metal scanner. As the scanner rotates around a set of pickups, it changes the pitch of the overall sound slightly.[85] From here, the sound is sent to the main amplifier, and on to the audio speakers. A prototype light-weight tonewheel generator, produced at the Hammond Organ Companys factory in Antwerp The Hammond organ makes technical compromises in the notes it generates. Rather than produce harmonics that are exact multiples of the fundamental as in equal temperament, it uses the nearest-available frequencies generated by the tonewheels.[14] The only guaranteed frequency for a Hammonds tuning is concert A at 440 Hz.[86] Crosstalk or leakage occurs when the instruments magnetic pickups receive the signal from rotating metal tonewheels other than those selected by the organist. Hammond considered crosstalk a defect that required correcting, and in 1963 introduced a new level of resistor–capacitor (R/C) filtering to greatly reduce this crosstalk, along with 50–60 Hz mains hum.[87] However, the sound of tonewheel crosstalk is now considered part of the signature of the Hammond organ, to the extent that modern digital clones explicitly emulate it.[15] Some Hammond organs have an audible pop or click when a key is pressed.[88] Originally, key click was considered a design defect and Hammond worked to eliminate or at least reduce it with equalization filters. However, many performers liked the percussive effect, and it has been accepted as part of the classic sound. Hammond research and development engineer Alan Young said the professionals who were playing popular music [liked] that the attack was so prominent. And they objected when it was eliminated.[89] Clones and emulation devices Main article: Clonewheel organ According to journalist Gordon Reid, the Korg CX-3 came close to emulating the true depth and passion of a vintage Hammond.[90] The original Hammond organ was never designed to be transported on a regular basis. A Hammond B-3 organ, bench, and pedalboard weighs 425 pounds (193 kg).[91] This weight, combined with that of a Leslie speaker, makes the instrument cumbersome and difficult to move between venues. Consequently, there has been a demand for a more portable, reliable way of generating the same sound. Electronic and digital keyboards that imitate the sound of the Hammond are often referred to as clonewheel organs. The first attempts to electronically copy a Hammond appeared in the 1970s, including the Roland VK-1 and VK-9, the Yamaha YP45D and the Crumar Organiser. The Korg CX-3 (single manual) and BX-3 (dual manual) were the first lightweight organs to produce a comparable sound to the original. Sound on Sounds Gordon Reid said that the CX-3 came close to emulating the true depth and passion of a vintage Hammond, particularly when played through a Leslie speaker.[90] The Nord Electro emulated drawbars using buttons and a light emitting diode display[92] The Roland VK-7, introduced in 1997, attempted to emulate the sound of a Hammond using digital signal processing technology.[93] An updated version, the VK-8, which appeared in 2002, also provided emulations of other vintage keyboards and provided a connector for a Leslie.[94] Clavia introduced the Nord Electro in 2001; this used buttons to emulate the physical action of pulling or pushing a drawbar, with an LED graph indicating its current state.[92] Clavia has released several updated versions of the Electro since then, and introduced the Nord Stage with the same technology. The Nord C2D was Clavias first organ with real drawbars.[95] Diversi, founded by former Hammond-Suzuki sales rep Tom Tuson in 2003, has specialised in Hammond clones, and featured a notable endorsement from Joey DeFrancesco.[96] The Hammond organ has also been emulated in software. The most prominent emulator in this field has been the Native Instruments B4 series, which has been praised for its attention to detail and choice of features. Emagic (now part of Apple) has also produced a software emulation, the EVB3.[97] Notable users See also: List of Hammond organ players and List of jazz organists Jimmy Smiths use of the Hammond organ in the 1950s gave him commercial success and influenced other notable organists Early customers of the Hammond included Dr. Albert Schweitzer, Henry Ford, Eleanor Roosevelt and George Gershwin.[98] The instrument was not initially favored by classical organ purists, because the tones of two notes an octave apart were in exact synchronization, as opposed to the slight variation present on a pipe organ.[99] However, the instrument did gradually become popular with jazz players. One of the first notable performers to use the Hammond organ was Ethel Smith, who was known as the first lady of the Hammond Organ.[100] Fats Waller and Count Basie also started using the Hammond.[99] Organist John Medeski thinks the Hammond became the poor mans big band, but because of that, it became more economical to book organ trios.[101] Jimmy Smith became a notable user of the Hammond in the 1950s, particularly in his sessions for the Blue Note label between 1956 and 1963. He eschewed a bass player, and played all the bass parts himself using the footpedals,[102] generally using a walking bassline on the pedals in combination with percussive left hand chords. His trio format, composed of organ, guitar and drums, became internationally famous following an appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1957.[99] Medeski says musicians were inspired when they heard Jimmy Smiths records.[103] Brother Jack McDuff switched from piano to Hammond in 1959, and toured regularly throughout the 1960s and 70s.[104] Keith Emerson was inspired to take up the Hammond by hearing McDuffs arrangement of Rock Candy.[105] I took to riding the L100 like a bucking bronco. It weighs 350 lb; when its on top of you, you need the adrenalin rush you get onstage to chuck it around. Keith Emerson[106] Booker T Jones is cited as being the bridge from rhythm and blues to rock. British organist James Taylor said the Hammond became popular [in the UK] when people such as Booker T & The MGs and artists on the Stax Records label came over to London and played gigs.[107] Matthew Fisher first encountered the Hammond in 1966 having heard the Small Faces Ian McLagan playing one. When Fisher asked if he could play it, McLagan told him Theyre yelling out for Hammond players; why dont you go out and buy one for yourself?[108] Fisher went on to play the organ lines on Procol Harums A Whiter Shade Of Pale, which topped the UK charts in the summer of 1967.[109][110] Steve Winwood started his musical career with the Spencer Davis Group playing guitar and piano, but he switched to Hammond when he hired one to record Gimme Some Lovin.[111] Gregg Allman became interested in the Hammond after Mike Finnigan had introduced him to Jimmy Smiths music, and started to write material with it.[112] His brother Duane specifically requested he play the instrument when forming the Allman Brothers Band,[113] and he was presented with a brand new B-3 and Leslie 122RV upon joining. Allman recalls the instrument was cumbersome to transport, particularly on flights of stairs, which often required the whole bands assistance.[114] Author Frank Moriarty considers Allmans Hammond playing a vital ingredient of the bands sound.[115] Jon Lord put his Hammond C-3 through a Marshall stack to fit in with Deep Purples hard rock sound Deep Purples Jon Lord became inspired to play the Hammond after hearing Jimmy Smiths Walk on the Wild Side.[116] He modified his Hammond so it could be played through a Marshall stack to get a growling, overdriven sound,[117] which became known as his trademark and he is strongly identified with it.[118] This organ was later acquired by Joey DeFrancesco.[119] Van der Graaf Generators Hugh Banton modified his Hammond E-100 extensively with customised electronics, including the ability to put effects such as distortion on one manual but not the other, and rewiring the motor. The modifications created, in Bantons own words, unimaginable sonic chaos.[120] Joey DeFrancesco has achieved critical success in the jazz genre using both original tonewheel Hammonds and the New B-3. The Hammond was a key instrument in progressive rock music. Author Edward Macan thinks this is because of its versatility, allowing both chords and lead lines to be played, and a choice between quiet and clean, and what Emerson described as a tacky, aggressive, almost distorted, angry sound.[121] Emerson first found commercial success with the Nice, with whom he used and abused an L-100, putting knives in the instrument, setting fire to it, playing it upside down, or riding it across stage in the manner of a horse. He continued to play the instrument in this manner alongside other keyboards in Emerson, Lake and Palmer.[122] Other prominent Hammond organists in progressive rock include the Zombies and Argents Rod Argent, Yess Tony Kaye and Rick Wakeman, Focuss Thijs van Leer, Uriah Heeps Ken Hensley, Pink Floyds Rick Wright, Kansass Steve Walsh, and Genesiss Tony Banks. Banks later claimed he only used the Hammond because a piano was impractical to transport to gigs.[123] Ska and reggae music made frequent use of the Hammond throughout the 1960s and 70s. Junior Marvin started to play the instrument after hearing Booker T & The MGs Green Onions, although he complained about its weight.[124] Winston Wright was regarded in the music scene of Jamaica as one of the best organ players, and used the Hammond when performing live with Toots and the Maytals, as well as playing it on sessions with Lee Scratch Perry, Jimmy Cliff and Gregory Isaacs.[125] Tyrone Downie, best known as Bob Marley & The Wailers keyboard player, made prominent use of the Hammond on No Woman, No Cry, as recorded at the Lyceum Theatre, London, for the album Live![126] Barbara Dennerlein has achieved critical acclaim for her work on the Hammonds bass pedals The Hammond organ was perceived as outdated by the late 1970s, particularly in the UK, where it was often used to perform pop songs in social clubs.[127] Punk and New Wave bands tended to prefer second-hand combo organs from the 1960s, or use no keyboards at all.[128] Other groups started taking advantage of cheaper and more portable synthesizers that were starting to come onto the market.[129] The Stranglers Dave Greenfield was a notable exception to this, and used a Hammond onstage during the bands early career. Andy Thompson, better known for being an aficionado of the Mellotron, stated that the Hammond never really went away. There are a lot of studios that have had a B-3 or C-3 sitting away in there since the 70s.[130] The instrument underwent a brief renaissance in the 1980s with the mod revival movement. Taylor played the Hammond through the 1980s, first with the Prisoners and later with the James Taylor Quartet.[131] The sound of the Hammond made an appearance in hip-hop music, albeit mostly via samples. A notable exception was the Beastie Boys So Whatcha Want, where it was mixed into the foreground.[132] Jazz musicians continued to use Hammond organs into the 21st century. Barbara Dennerlein has received critical acclaim for her performances on the Hammond, particularly her use of the bass pedals,[133] and has modified the instrument to include samplers triggered by the pedals.[134] Joey DeFrancesco embraced the instrument during the 1990s, and later collaborated with Jimmy Smith.[135] He is positive about the future of the Hammond organ, saying Everybody loves it. It makes you feel good... I think its bigger now than ever.[136] See also Chord organ Novachord List of Hammond organs References Marmon Group sells Hammond Organ rights. Chicago Sun-Times. January 3, 1986. Retrieved 31 July 2013. Faragher 2011, p. 14. Hammond XK-3 STORY: 3. History—locus of Hammond Combo Organ (in Japanese). Hammond Suzuki Co., Ltd. 22 April 2005. Summary: In 1986, Hammond Super B was released as a revive of B-3 using digitally sampled tonewheel sounds. Then in 1991, this sound generator was utilized on a combo organ; that was Hammond Suzuki XB-2. Vail 2002, p. 68. Vail 2002, p. 69. Bush & Kassel 2006, p. 168. Corbin 2006, p. 151. Faragher 2011, p. 34. Vail 2002, p. 76. Faragher 2011, p. 33-34. Faragher 2011, p. 50. Vail 2002, p. 89. Faragher 2011, p. 58. Campbell, Greated & Myers 2004, p. 447. Hugh Robjohns. Hammond B3: Modelled Electromechanical Tonewheel Organ. Sound On Sound (July 2003). Browne & Browne 2001, p. 361. Spark, Rod (October 1997). The History Of The Hammond. Sound on Sound. Retrieved 30 July 2013. Inside of Hammond Organ (photograph). TheatreOrgans. Faragher 2011, p. 52. Faragher 2011, p. 53. Clark 1999, p. 47. Reid, Gordon (January 2004). Synthesizing tonewheel organs. Sound On Sound. Retrieved 30 July 2013. Vail 2002, pp. 83,87. Vail 2002, p. 36. Vail 2002, p. 55. Vail 2002, p. 63. Vail 2002, p. 57. US patent 1956350, Laurens Hammond, Electrical Musical Instrument, issued 1934-04-24 Vail 2002, p. 59. Waring 2002, p. 319. Vail 2002, p. 60. Faragher 2011, p. 26. Federal Trade Commission Decision: Official Findings and Order. The American Organist 21 (8). August 1938. Federal Trade Commission Sponsors Auditory Test—Hammond vs. $75,000 Organ. Piano Trade Magazine. April 1937. Hammond Arguments presented in Briefs. The Diapason. May 1, 1938. Hammond is Ordered to Cease and Desist. The Diapason. August 1, 1938. Faragher 2011, p. 16. Faragher 2011, p. 18. Faragher 2011, p. 25. Bush & Kassel 2006, p. 169. Vail 2002, p. 33. Vail 2002, p. 71. Vail, p. 33,49. Vail 2002, p. 83. Vail 2002, p. 72. Vail 2002, p. 74. Vail 2002, pp. 74-75. Vail 2002, p. 77. Vail 2002, p. 85-86. Faragher 2011, p. 78. Théberge 1997, p. 47. Vail 2002, p. 91. Vail 2002, p. 87. Vail 2002, p. 92. Hammond T-series Owners Manual. The Hammond Organ Company. Retrieved 1 August 2013. Hammond T-500 series service manual. The Hammond Organ Company. pp. 1–1. Retrieved 1 August 2013. Vail 2002, pp. 94-95. Kakehashi 2002, p. 176. Riley 2006, p. 58,63. Welch, Jerry (2011). Organ Identification. Organ Service Company, Inc. Retrieved 31 July 2013. Reid, Gordon. The History Of Roland: Part 1. Sound On Sound (November 2004). 1972 — The Birth Of Roland: Almost immediately after establishing the company, Kakehashi received an offer from the Hammond Organ Company; they wished to buy a 60-percent shareholding in the new business. However, he had no wish to be the junior partner in his own company for a second time, so he decided to forge ahead on his own. Welch, Jerry (2011). Frequently Asked Questions. Organ Service Company, Inc. Retrieved 31 July 2013. Faragher 2011, p. 135. Faragher 2011, p. 143. Faragher 2011, p. 154. Robjohns, Hugh (July 2005). Hammond XK3/XLK3 & Leslie 2121/2101. Sound on Sound. Retrieved 31 July 2013. Hammond SK1 and SK2. Hammond UK. Retrieved 31 July 2013. Fortner, Stephen (13 December 2011). Hammond SK1. Keyboard Magazine. Retrieved 31 July 2013. Console Organs. Hammond USA. Retrieved 31 July 2013. Watkinson, Mike (April 2004). Software vs Hardware: Tonewheel Organ Implementations Compared. Sound on Sound. Retrieved 30 July 2013. Leslie 147A Speaker. Goff Professional. Retrieved 30 July 2013. Ask Mike. 33-34. Keyboard magazine. Retrieved 30 July 2013. Faragher 2011, p. 65. Faragher 2011, p. 63. Brice 2001, p. 427. Vail 2002, p. 129. Fatagher 2011, p. 164. Vail 2002, p. 130. Electro Music Purchased by Columbia Distribution 77 (38). Billboard. September 18, 1965. p. 6. Leslie (product range). Hammond USA. Retrieved 1 August 2013. Reid, Gordon (November 2003). Synthesizing tonewheel organs. Sound On Sound. Retrieved 25 April 2011. Technical Information for Hammond Tone Wheel Organ. Keyboard Exchange International. Retrieved 25 April 2011. Campbell, Greated & Myers 2004, p. 71. Campbell, Greated & Myers 2004, p. 441. Vail 2002, p. 48. Stevens 2001, p. 189. Hammond Filter Capacitor Replacement Kit. Goff Professional. Retrieved 30 July 2013. Gallagher 2008, p. 105. Vail 2002, p. 45. Reid, Gordon (January 2001). Korg CX3. Sound on Sound. Retrieved 30 July 2013. Vail 2002, p. 9. Reid, Gordon (December 2001). Clavia Nord Electro. Sound on Sound. Retrieved 30 July 2013. Magnus, Nick (July 1997). Roland VK-7. Sound on Sound. Retrieved 30 July 2013. Reid, Gordon (September 2002). Roland VK-8. Sound on Sound. Retrieved 30 July 2013. Reid, Gordon (October 2012). Clavia Nord C2D. Sound on Sound. Retrieved 30 July 2013. Faragher 2011, p. 148. Magnus, Nick (January 2006). Native Instruments B4 II. Sound on Sound. Retrieved 30 July 2003. Vail 2002, p. 15. Kirchner 2005, p. 384. Corbin 2006, p. 153. Vail 2002, p. 18. Bogdanov, Woodstra & Erlewine 2002, p. 1170. Vail 2002, p. 19. Davis 2012, p. 236. Vail 2002, p. 168. Glancey, Jonathan (31 May 2002). Hendrix of the Hammond. The Guardian. Retrieved 1 August 2013. Vail 2002, p. 21. Johansen 2001, p. 65. Johansen 2001, p. 66. Macan 1997, p. 33. Welch 1990, p. 73. Allman 2012, p. 67-68. Allman 2012, p. 97. Allman 2012, pp. 100-101. Moriarty 2003, p. 44. Cohen, Scott (October 1974). Deep Purples Jon Lord and Burn. Circus Magazine. pp. 42–45. Retrieved 30 July 2013. Till 2010, p. 122. Jon Lord - A Biography. Jon Lord (official site). Retrieved 17 August 2013. Vail 2002, p. 186. Faragher 2011, p. 369. Macan 1997, p. 34. Cateforis 2011, p. 158. Awde 2008, p. 200. Masouri 2010, p. 71. Moskowitz 2006, p. 320. Masouri 2010, p. 596. Fowles & Wade 2012, pp. 165-166. Cateforis 2011, p. 104,160. Fowles & Wade 2012, pp. 136-137. Awde 2008, p. 531. Bogdanov 2001, p. 507. Vail 2002, p. 22. Bogdanov, Voodstra & Erlewine 2002, p. 325. Enstice & Stockhouse 2004, pp. 96-110. Huey, Steve. Joey DeFrancesco: Artist Biography. Retrieved 30 July 2013. Faragher 2012, p. 248. Bibliography Allman, Gregg (2012). My Cross to Bear. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-211204-0. Awde, Nick (2008). Mellotron: The Machine and the Musicians that Revolutionised Rock. Bennet & Bloom. ISBN 978-1-898948-02-5. Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas, eds. (2002). All Music Guide to Jazz: The Definitive Guide to Jazz Music. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-717-2. Bogdanov, Vladimir, ed. (2001). All Music Guide to Electronica: The Definitive Guide to Electronic Music. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-628-1. Brice, Richard (2001). Music Engineering. Newnes. ISBN 978-0-7506-5040-3. Browne, Ray Broadus; Browne, Pat (2001). The Guide to United States Popular Culture. Popular Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-821-2. Bush, Douglas Earl; Kassel, Richard (2006). The Organ: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Chapman & Hall. ISBN 978-0-415-94174-7. Campbell, Murray; Greated, Clive Alan; Myers, Arnold (2004). Musical Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-816504-0. Cateforis, Theo (2011). Are We Not New Wave?: Modern Pop at the Turn of the 1980s. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-03470-3. Clark, Merrill (1999). Complete Blues Keyboard Method: Mastering Blues Keyboard. Alfred Music Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4574-1396-4. Corbin, Alfred (2006). The Third Element: A Brief History of Electronics. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4678-1338-9. Davis, John S. (2012). Historical Dictionary of Jazz. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6757-4. Enstice, Wayne; Stockhouse, Janis (2004). Jazzwomen: Conversations with Twenty-One Musicians. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-2530-1014-8. Faragher, Scott (2011). The Hammond Organ: An introduction to the instrument and the players who made it famous. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4584-0287-5. Fowles, Paul; Wade, Graham (2012). Concise History of Rock Music. Mel Bay Publications. ISBN 978-1-61911-016-8. Gallagher, Mitch (2008). The Music Tech Dictionary: A Glossary of Audio-Related Terms and Technologies. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-59863-914-8. Johansen, Claes (2001). Procol Harum: Beyond The Pale. SAF Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-946719-28-0. Kakehashi, Ikutarō (2002). I Believe in Music: Life Experiences and Thoughts on the Future of Electronic Music by the Founder of the Roland Corporation. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-0-634-03783-2. Kirchner, Bill, ed. (2005). The Oxford Companion to Jazz. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518359-7. Macan, Edward (1997). Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509887-7. Masouri, Jon (2010). Wailing Blues - The Story of Bob Marleys Wailers. Music Sales Group. ISBN 978-0-85712-035-9. Moriarty, Frank (2003). Seventies rock: the decade of creative chaos. Taylor Trade Publications. ISBN 978-1-58979-024-7. Moskowitz, David Vlado (2006). Caribbean Popular Music: An Encyclopedia of Reggae, Mento, Ska, Rock Steady, and Dancehall. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33158-9. Riley, Chris (2006). The Modern Organ Guide. Xulon Press. ISBN 978-1-59781-667-0. Shepherd, John (2003). Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: VolumeII: Performance and Production, Volume 11. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-6322-7. Stevens, Floyd A (2001). Complete Course in Professional Piano Tuning, Repair, and Rebuilding. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8304-1593-9. Théberge, Paul (1997). Any Sound You Can Imagine: Making Music/Consuming Technology. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6309-5. Till, Rupert (2010). Pop Cult: Religion and Popular Music. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-3236-0. Vail, Mark (2002). The Hammond Organ: Beauty in the B. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-705-9. Waring, Dennis G (2002). Manufacturing the Muse: Estey Organs and Consumer Culture in Victorian America. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6508-2. Welch, Chris (1990). Steve Winwood: Roll With It. Perigee Books. ISBN 978-0-399-51558-3. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hammond organs. Official sites Hammond Suzuki USA Makers of modern-day Hammond-branded clone organs Hammond Suzuki Europe Hammond Organ UK Archives Hammond Zone. Hammond/Leslie resource and home of the Hammond Zone user group Bevis Peters. A complete list of vintage Hammond & Leslie models. JackHollow.co.uk. Glen E. Nelson. History of the Hammond B-3 organ. TheatreOrgans. Media Electric Pipeless Organ Has Millions of Tones. Popular Mechanics (April 1936): pp. 569–571. One of the first large, detailed articles on the Hammond Organ and how it worked Hammond Organ Seventieth (video). BBC. Documentary on the Hammonds seventieth anniversary
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