War and Australian society The interior courtyard of the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. Almost 877,000 people visited the Australian War Memorial during 2009–10 and another 204,000 visited its travelling exhibitions.[1] For most of the last century military service has been one of the single greatest shared experiences of white Australian males, and although this is now changing due to the professionalisation of the military and the absence of major wars during the second half of the 20th century, it continues to influence Australian society to this day.[2] War and military service have been defining influences in Australian history, while a major part of the national identity has been built on an idealised conception of the Australian experience of war and of soldiering, known as the Anzac spirit. These ideals include notions of endurance, courage, ingenuity, humour, larrikinism, egalitarianism and mateship; traits which, according to popular thought, defined the behaviour of Australian soldiers fighting at Gallipoli during the First World War.[2] The Gallipoli campaign was one of the first international events that saw Australians taking part as Australians and has been seen as a key event in forging a sense of national identity.[3] The relationship between war and Australian society has been shaped by two of the more enduring themes of Australian strategic culture: bandwagoning with a powerful ally and expeditionary warfare.[4] Indeed, Australian defence policy was closely linked to Britain until the Japanese crisis of 1942, while since then an alliance with the United States has underwritten its security. Arguably, this pattern of bandwagoning—both for cultural reasons such as shared values and beliefs, as well as for more pragmatic security concerns—has ensured that Australian strategic policy has often been defined by relations with its allies. Regardless, a tendency towards strategic complacency has also been evident, with Australians often reluctant to think about defence issues or to allocate resources until a crisis arises; a trait which has historically resulted in unpreparedness for major military challenges.[4][5] Reflecting both the realist and liberal paradigms of international relations and the conception of national interests, a number of other important themes in Australian strategic culture are also obvious. Such themes include: an acceptance of the state as the key actor in international politics, the centrality of notions of Westphalian sovereignty, a belief in the enduring relevance and legitimacy of armed force as a guarantor of security, and the proposition that the status quo in international affairs should only be changed peacefully.[6] Likewise, multilateralism, collective security and defence self-reliance have also been important themes.[7] Change has been more evolutionary than revolutionary and these strategic behaviours have persisted throughout its history, being the product of Australian societys democratic political tradition and Judaeo-Christian Anglo-European heritage, as well its associated values, beliefs and economic, political and religious ideology.[8] These behaviours are also reflective of its unique security dilemma as a largely European island on the edge of the Asia-Pacific, and the geopolitical circumstances of a middle power physically removed from the centres of world power. To be sure, during threats to the core Australia has often found itself defending the periphery and perhaps as a result, it has frequently become involved in foreign wars.[7] Throughout these conflicts Australian soldiers—known colloquially as Diggers—have often been noted, somewhat paradoxically, for both their fighting abilities and their humanitarian qualities.[2] Contents 1 War and Australian society 2 Colonial era 2.1 British Forces in Australia, 1788–1870 2.2 Frontier warfare, 1788–1934 2.3 New Zealand Wars, 1861–64 2.3.1 Taranaki War 2.3.2 Invasion of the Waikato 2.4 Colonial military forces, 1870–1901 2.5 Sudan, 1885 2.6 Second Boer War, 1899–1902 2.7 Boxer Rebellion, 1900–01 3 Australian military forces at Federation, 1901 4 First World War, 1914–18 4.1 Outbreak of hostilities 4.2 Occupation of German New Guinea 4.3 Gallipoli 4.4 Egypt and Palestine 4.5 Western Front 5 Inter-war years 5.1 Russian Civil War, 1918–19 5.2 Spanish Civil War, 1936–39 6 Second World War, 1939–45 6.1 Europe and the Middle East 6.2 Asia and the Pacific 7 Cold War 7.1 Korean War, 1950–53 7.2 Malayan Emergency, 1950–60 7.3 Military and Naval growth during the 1960s 7.4 Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation, 1962–66 7.5 Vietnam War, 1962–73 8 Post-Vietnam era 8.1 Creation of the Australian Defence Force, 1976 8.2 Defence of Australia, 1980s and 1990s 8.3 Gulf War, 1991 8.4 Global security, late-1990s 9 New Millennium 9.1 East Timor, 1999–2013 9.2 Afghanistan, 2001–present 9.3 Iraq, 2003–11 X
Posted on: Sun, 05 Oct 2014 22:31:28 +0000
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