a)Variable: A factor or condition that is subject to change, especially one that is allowed to change in a scientific experiment to test a hypothesis. The empirical counterpart of a construct or concept is called a variable. It is something that affect a system being examined, and is therefore a factor that may change an experiment. It is used in experiments to bring some changes. b)Hypothesis:It is a formal statement regarding the relationship between variables and is tested directly. A tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation. A statement that is assumed to be true for the sake of argument. A statement that explains or makes generalizations about a set of facts or principles, usually forming a basis for possible experiments to confirm its viability. c)Theory: A theory is a set of related propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relationships among concepts. A set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena. d)Induction and Deduction: Induction is the process of deriving general principles from particular facts or instances. It is a process of reasoning, used esp in science, by which a general conclusion is drawn from a set of premises, based mainly on experience or experimental evidence. The conclusion goes beyond the information contained in the premises, and does not follow necessarily from them. Deduction is the process of deriving particular principles from general facts. It is a process of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from the stated premises; inference by reasoning from the general to the specific. e)Measurement and its level: Measurement is to compare characteristics of something with a standard. The scientific method of measurement depends of physically measuring things. There are four levels of measurements. Nominal data have no orders and hence are only given names or labels to distinguish various categories. Ordinal data have order, but the interval between measurements is not meaningful. Interval data have meaningful intervals between measurements, but there is no true starting point. Ratio data have the highest level of measurement where the intervals are meaningful and there is a starting point. f)Reliability: Reliability is the consistency of a set of measurements or of a measuring instrument, often used to describe a test. Reliability is inversely related to random error. Reliability does not imply validity. That is, a reliable measure is measuring something consistently, but you may not be measuring what you want to be measuring. g)Validity: It has no single agreed definition but generally refers to the extent to which a concept, conclusion or measurement is well-founded and corresponds accurately to the real world. The word “valid” is derived from the Latin validus, meaning strong. Validity of a measurement tool is considered to be the degree to which the tool measures what it claims to measure. About these adsa)Variable: A factor or condition that is subject to change, especially one that is allowed to change in a scientific experiment to test a hypothesis. The empirical counterpart of a construct or concept is called a variable. It is something that affect a system being examined, and is therefore a factor that may change an experiment. It is used in experiments to bring some changes. b)Hypothesis:It is a formal statement regarding the relationship between variables and is tested directly. A tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation. A statement that is assumed to be true for the sake of argument. A statement that explains or makes generalizations about a set of facts or principles, usually forming a basis for possible experiments to confirm its viability. c)Theory: A theory is a set of related propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relationships among concepts. A set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena. d)Induction and Deduction: Induction is the process of deriving general principles from particular facts or instances. It is a process of reasoning, used esp in science, by which a general conclusion is drawn from a set of premises, based mainly on experience or experimental evidence. The conclusion goes beyond the information contained in the premises, and does not follow necessarily from them. Deduction is the process of deriving particular principles from general facts. It is a process of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from the stated premises; inference by reasoning from the general to the specific. e)Measurement and its level: Measurement is to compare characteristics of something with a standard. The scientific method of measurement depends of physically measuring things. There are four levels of measurements. Nominal data have no orders and hence are only given names or labels to distinguish various categories. Ordinal data have order, but the interval between measurements is not meaningful. Interval data have meaningful intervals between measurements, but there is no true starting point. Ratio data have the highest level of measurement where the intervals are meaningful and there is a starting point. f)Reliability: Reliability is the consistency of a set of measurements or of a measuring instrument, often used to describe a test. Reliability is inversely related to random error. Reliability does not imply validity. That is, a reliable measure is measuring something consistently, but you may not be measuring what you want to be measuring. g)Validity: It has no single agreed definition but generally refers to the extent to which a concept, conclusion or measurement is well-founded and corresponds accurately to the real world. The word “valid” is derived from the Latin validus, meaning strong. Validity of a measurement tool is considered to be the degree to which the tool measures what it claims to measure. About these ads
Posted on: Wed, 05 Jun 2013 13:06:28 +0000
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