ai bosoror Xmass aru Good governance day - DOUBLE DUTY. studentr karone essay writing competition and also an elocution (the skill of clear and expressive speech, especially of distinct pronunciation and articulation) contest. aamar dekhot too many holidays and not enough civic duty, hey karone aitu ek durdorkhitar kaam , thik jidore electionr aagot aamar neta hokole durdorkhitar kotha electionr homoyot vakhon diye iyar. electionr aagot bohutor sinta hiosil je Modi jodi PM hoi tente Gujratr 2011r riot nisina kiba hobo neki, kintu electionr pasot gom pale Modi atia durdorkhitar jogotot aru gom pai honman dibole thio hol. heidore atia raije Xmass tu kele DOUBLE DUTY korise thik buji puwa nai kintu jey aahib logiya dinot kobo aaru duta holiday DOUBLE DUTY koribo buli aibar aakou prithivir raij honmana howok ba jeneke howok aakou jump maari thio hobo. hey DOUBLE DUTY koribologia plantu hoise Diwali palon koribo Diwali aaru Anti-Noise Pollution Day, Holi palon koribo Holi aaru ‘Water Conservation Day’. aajikali aamar sorkar social mediar sorkar hey karone tekhet hokole jane aamar dekhor revenue kisuman DAY karone bridhi pai , jene Mother’s Day, Father’s Day aadi SO notun kisuma DAY aaromvo hobo jene Uncleji Day, Auntieji Day, Cujjin-brother Day etc. kintu raije imaan sorkari officet kaam korile aaram koribo ketai ?? sorkare ai prosnotu buji nai ulutai kooise je YEAR ENDING MARCHt sorkari bikhoyai mom-bati jolai deriloike kam korei heykarone aaru uthah dibole ai DOUBLE DUTY kotha voba hoise. aamar raije jane 1975 - 1977 Emergency dinot raijor obostha bor beya hoisil, moi aapunalukok alop maan jonabo khujisu keneke Garibi Hatao sloganr pora Durgama aabirvab hoi ekebare Emergency hoisil. 1977, 23 January Indira Gandhi’a election declare korisil - 1977 March 16 aru 19 tarikhe, less than 60 days from the day of declaration and released all political prisoners. Gandhi confident aasli jikim buli kintu much thekesa khuwar karon jodiu bohut aasil (J P Narayan, Jagjibon election date declare korar pisot cong-R resign disil aru UP’t Jgjibon’r karone ji lost hol aajiloike recovery koribo pora nai Cong’a. tetita Indira Congress’r party naam aasil Congress - R) , kintu MAIN karon’tu aasil aamar raije DICTATOR bostu’tu hojom koribi nuware aru tetiai the DYNASTY RULE use of NEHRU kothatu protofolito hoisil. aagote Jorhatr Ellye cinema holor front right sidea duta hallr ticket counter aasil, tat akol 2nd class Rs 1.30/- or 3rd class Rs0.85/- ticket bikri korisil. Indira Gandhir Emergency 1975r pora -1977 march Loka Sobha election loike aasil. tetiai hey front sider ticket counterr uporor shade khon Emergencyr namot demolish korisil aru tat pasot akhon natun Book Store aaromvo hol. Diphu Colleger late principal Neog Sir, ghor - Amguri , Baghhdhora, tekhet communist aasil aru Congreesr birudhe Bishnu Ravar ideologyt aandulon kora karone Hibohagaror Promud Gogoir logot jail jabo loga hoisil. Neog Sira muk aru mur bhaiti Late Jitu Borthakurk koisil - Indira Gandhir againsta kotha. Emergencytur kothat tekhet negative point’bur koisil aaru koisil je ketitam val process’r kam hoisil tetia. Tekhet hokole val puwa ghotona bur aasil : --Inflation control hoisil, Sugar came to Rs 2 per kg overnight. --Govt sakorial hokol homoymote office’t kam korisil, jadi office time 10 AM to 5 PM, tetia hole sakoriale suti nolole tekhetok log paboi office’t hey-homou-khinit kamor marone. --Trains started on precise time --Businessmen’a dokol kora mati sorkare restore korisil (uporor Eleye cinema hall’r case’tu), aru kisuman. Mrs. Gandhi, on 23 January, called for fresh elections and released all political prisoners. Four Party, decided to fight the elections under a single banner called the Janata alliance. The alliance used the symbol allocated to Bhartiya Lok dal as their symbol on the ballot papers. The votes were cast from March 16 to March 19. The counting of votes started on 20-March and the results started coming in from that days evening. It could have proved a boon in disguise, but that was not to be. Anarchy, regionalism, sectarianism, Lawlessness, selfishness- all pent up forces were feeling uneasy and aligning to re- emerge. A brief period of discipline and strictness was too much for the carefree, if not careless people in general, and they could no longer bear it. Of course like any system, it has its own demerits. moi complete aapunalukok iyat jonabo pora naai kintu aapunaluke nije Internetpora complete detials porhi lobo paribo. Aaji likhar main karon’tu hol aajiloike aami 1975-77 emergency hodai gali pari aahisu aaru beleg aku compare koribole case puwa nasil ba huwa nai. Moi bohut aakha korisilu aibar NDA’r pora hey karone close monitor kori muk sun hey Emergency pattern’tu monlole aahise compare koribo porake. In brief of Emergency from history sources: A state of emergency in India refers to a period of governance under an altered constitutional setup that can be proclaimed by the President of India, when he/she perceives grave threats to the nation from internal and external sources or from financial situations of crisis. Under the advice of the cabinet of ministers and using the powers vested in him/her largely by Part XVIII of the Constitution of India, the President can overrule many provisions of the constitution, which guarantee fundamental rights to the citizens of India and acts governing devolution of powers to the states which form the federation. In India, the Emergency refers to a 21-month period in 1975–77 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi unilaterally had a state of emergency declared across the country. Officially issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352(1) of the Constitution for internal disturbance, the Emergency was in effect from 25 June 1975 until its withdrawal on 21 March 1977. The order bestowed upon the prime minister the authority to rule by decree, allowing elections to be suspended and civil liberties to be curbed. For much of the Emergency, most of Gandhis political opponents were imprisoned and the press was censored. Several other atrocities were reported from the time, including a forced mass-sterilisation campaign spearheaded by Sanjay Gandhi, the Prime Ministers son. The Emergency is one of the most controversial periods of independent Indias history. In the 1971 general elections, the people rallied behind Indiras populist slogan of Garibi Hatao! (get rid of poverty!) to award her a huge majority (352 seats out of 518). By the margin of its victory, historian Ramachandra Guha later wrote, Congress (R) came to be known as the real Congress, requiring no qualifying suffix. In December 1971, under her proactive war leadership, India routed arch-enemy Pakistan in a war that led to the independence of Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan. Awarded the Bharat Ratna the next month, she was at her greatest peak; for her biographer Inder Malhotra, The Economist s description of her as the Empress of India seemed apt. Even opposition leaders, who routinely accused her of being a dictator and of fostering a personality cult, referred to her as Durga, a Hindu goddess. 1973 - 1975 During 1973–75, political unrest against the Indira Gandhi government increased across the country. (This led to some Congress-party leaders to demand for a move towards a presidential system, with a more-powerful directly elected executive.) The most significant of the initial such movement was the Nav Nirman movement in Gujarat, between December 1973 and March 1974. Student unrest against the states education minister ultimately forced the central government to dissolve the state legislature, leading to the resignation of the chief minister, Chimanbhai Patel, and the imposition of Presidents rule. After the re-elections in June 1975, Gandhis party was defeated by the Janata alliance, formed by parties opposed to the ruling Congress party. In March–April 1974, a student agitation by the Bihar Chatra Sangharsh Samiti received the support of Gandhian socialist Jayaprakash Narayan, referred to as JP, against the Bihar government. In April 1974, in Patna, JP called for total revolution, asking students, peasants, and labour organizations non-violently transform Indian society. He also demanded the dissolution of the state government, but this was not accepted by Centre. A month later, the railway-employees union, the largest union in the country, went on a nationwide strike. This strike was brutally suppressed by the Indira Gandhi government, which arrested thousands of employees and drove their families out of their quarters. Even within parliament, the government faced much criticism. Ever since she took charge as prime minister in 1966, Indira Gandhi s government had to face ten no-confidence motions in the Lok Sabha. On 12 June 1975, Justice Jagmohanlal Sinha of the Allahabad High Court found the prime minister guilty on the charge of misuse of government machinery for her election campaign. The court declared her election null and void and unseated her from her seat in the Lok Sabha. The court also banned her from contesting any election for an additional six years. Serious charges such as bribing voters and election malpractices were dropped and she was held responsible for misusing government machinery, and found guilty on charges such as using the state police to build a dais, availing the services of a government officer, Yashpal Kapoor, during the elections before he had resigned from his position, and use of electricity from the state electricity department. Because the court unseated her on comparatively frivolous charges, while she was acquitted on more serious charges, The Times described it as firing the Prime Minister for a traffic ticket. However, strikes in trade, student and government unions swept across the country. Led by JP, Narain, Satyendra Narayan Sinha and Morarji Desai, protestors flooded the streets of Delhi close to the Parliament building and the Prime Ministers residence. The persistent efforts of Narain were praised worldwide as it took over four years for Justice Sinha to pass judgement against the prime minister. Indira Gandhi challenged the High Courts decision in the Supreme Court. Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer, on 24 June 1975, upheld the High Court judgement and ordered all privileges Gandhi received as an MP be stopped, and that she be debarred from voting. However, she was allowed to continue as Prime Minister. The next day, JP organised a large rally in Delhi, where he said that a police officer must reject the orders of government if the order is immoral and unethical as this was Mahatma Gandhis motto during the freedom struggle. Such a statement was taken as a sign of inciting rebellion in the country. Later that day, Indira Gandhi requested a compliant President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed to issue a proclamation of a state of emergency. Within three hours, the electricity to all major newspapers was cut and the political-opposition arrested. The proposal was sent without discussion with the Union Cabinet, who only learnt of it and ratified it the next morning. Administration: Src : archive.indianexpress/news/a-tale-of-three-emergencies-real-reason-always-different/235992/0 Indira Gandhi devised a 20-point economic program to increase agricultural and industrial production, improve public services and fight poverty and illiteracy, through the discipline of the graveyard . It was famously said that during the Emergency trains would run on time, employees would be still be able to attend to their duties and work could still be carried out in government offices. Arrests : Src : Pratap Bhanu Mehta, The Rise of Judicial Sovereignty, Journal of Democracy (2007) , The habeas corpus judgment was overturned by the 44th amendment to the Constitution , NCERT Text Book For Political Science on Emergency Invoking article 352 of the Indian Constitution, Gandhi granted herself extraordinary powers and launched a massive crackdown on civil liberties and political opposition. The Government used police forces across the country to place thousands of protestors and strike leaders under preventive detention. Vijayaraje Scindia, JP, Raj Narain, Morarji Desai, Charan Singh, Jivatram Kripalani, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, L. K. Advani, Satyendra Narayan Sinha and other protest leaders were immediately arrested. Organizations like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and Jamaat-e-Islami along with some political parties were banned. Numerous Communist leaders were arrested along with many others involved with their party. In Tamil Nadu the M. Karunanidhi government was dissolved and the leaders of the DMK were incarcerated. In particular, Karunanidhis son M. K. Stalin, was arrested under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act. At least nine high courts pronounced that even after the declaration of an emergency a person could challenge his detention. The Supreme Court, now under the Indira Gandhi-appointed Chief Justice A. N. Ray, overruled all of them upholding the states plea for power to detain a person without the necessity of informing him of the reasons/grounds of his arrest or, to suspend his personal liberties or, to deprive him of his right to life, in an absolute manner (the habeas corpus case). Many political workers who were not arrested in the first wave, went underground continuing organising protests. Laws, Human Rights and Elections : Src : H. R. Khanna. Making of Indias Constitution. ( ebcwebstore/product_info.php?products_id=100108&id=4&set=1?SSL ) V. Venkatesan, Revisiting a verdict Frontline (vol. 29 – Issue 01 :: 14–27 Jan. 2012, frontline.in/static/html/fl2901/stories/20120127290107100.htm ) The case that saved Indian democracy. ( thehindu/opinion/op-ed/the-case-that-saved-indian-democracy/article4647800.ece ) PUCL Archives, Oct 1981, Rajan ( pucl.org/from-archives/81oct/rajan.htm ) Rediff, Report dated 26 June 2000 ( news.rediff/report/2000/jun/26/george.htm ) Fresh probe in Rajan case sought . The Hindu, 25 January 2011 ( thehindu/archive/ ) Elections for the Parliament and state governments were postponed. Gandhi and her parliamentary majorities could rewrite the nations laws, since her Congress party had the required mandate to do so – a two-thirds majority in the Parliament. And when she felt the existing laws were too slow, she got the President to issue Ordinances – a law making power in times of urgency, invoked sparingly – completely bypassing the Parliament, allowing her to rule by decree. Also, she had little trouble amending the Constitution that exonerated her from any culpability in her election-fraud case, imposing Presidents Rule in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, where anti-Indira parties ruled (state legislatures were thereby dissolved and suspended indefinitely), and jailing thousands of opponents. The 42nd Amendment, which brought about extensive changes to the letter and spirit of the Constitution, is one of the lasting legacies of the Emergency. In the conclusion of his Making of Indias Constitution, Justice Khanna writes: If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people. Imbecility of men, history teaches us, always invites the impudence of power. A fallout of the Emergency era was – the Supreme Court laid down that, although the Constitution is amenable to amendments (as abused by Indira Gandhi), changes that tinker with its basic structure cannot be made by the Parliament. (see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesavananda_Bharati_v._State_of_Kerala ) In the Rajan case, P. Rajan of the Regional Engineering College, Calicut, was arrested by the police in Kerala on 1 March 1976, tortured in custody until he died and then his body was disposed which was never recovered. The facts of this incident came out owing to a habeas corpus suit filed in the Kerala High Court. Family planning : Main article: Compulsory sterilization § India Sanjay Gandhi was especially concerned with issues of overpopulation. He initiated a birth control program, chiefly employing sterilisation, primarily vasectomies. Quotas were set up that enthusiastic supporters worked hard to achieve. Critics arouse anger by charging it involved coercion of unwilling Indians. In 1976–1977, the program counted 8.3 million sterilisations, up from 2.7 million the previous year. The bad name forced changes in the name of the program and every government since 1977 has stressed family planning is entirely voluntary. Src : Gwatkin, Davidson R. Political Will and Family Planning: The Implications of India’s Emergency Experience, in: Population and Development Review, 5/1, 29–59; Carl Haub and O. P. Sharma, Indias Population Reality: Reconciling Change and Tradition, Population Bulletin (2006) 61#3 pp 3+. https://questia/read/1P3-1144800471/india-s-population-reality-reconciling-change-and Criticism against the Government : Criticism and accusations of the Emergency-era may be grouped as: -- Detention of people by police without charge or notification of families -- Abuse and torture of detainees and political prisoners -- Use of public and private media institutions, like the national television network Doordarshan, for government propaganda -- Forced sterilisation. -- Destruction of the slum and low-income housing in the Turkmen Gate and Jama Masjid area of old Delhi. -- Large-scale and illegal enactment of laws (including modifications to the Constitution). The Emergency years were the biggest challenge to Indias commitment to democracy, which proved vulnerable to the manipulation of powerful leaders and hegemonic Parliamentary majorities. Resistance movements : Sikh opposition : Src: J.S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab,(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990) Gurmit Singh, A History of Sikh Struggles, New Delhi, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 1991, Ram Narayan Kumar, Georg Sieberer, The Sikh Struggle: Origin, Evolution and Present Phase, Delhi, Chanakya Publishers, 1991, J.S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab,(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990) 214; Inder Malhotra, Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography,(London/Toronto, Hodder and Stoughton, 1989) With the leaders of all opposition parties and other outspoken critics of her government arrested and behind bars, the entire country was in a state of shock. Shortly after the declaration of the Emergency, the Sikh leadership convened meetings in Amritsar where they resolved to oppose the fascist tendency of the Congress. The first mass protest in the country, known as the Campaign to Save Democracy was organised by the Akali Dal and launched in Amritsar, 9 July. A statement to the press recalled the historic Sikh struggle for freedom under the Mughals, then under the British, and voiced concern that what had been fought for and achieved was being lost. The police were out in force for the demonstration and arrested the protestors, including the Shiromani Akali Dal and Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC) leaders. The Prime Minister seemed genuinely surprised at the strength of the response from the Sikhs. Fearing their defiance might inspire civil disobedience in other parts of the county, she offered to negotiate a deal with the Shiromani Akal Dal that would give it joint control of the Punjab Legislative Assembly. The leader of the protests, Sant Harcharan Singh Longowal refused to meet with government representatives so long as the Emergency was in effect. In a press interview, he made clear the grounds of the Save Democracy campaign. The question before us is not whether Indira Gandhi should continue to be prime minister or not. The point is whether democracy in this country is to survive or not. The democratic structure stands on three pillars, namely a strong opposition, independent judiciary and free press. Emergency has destroyed all these essentials. While the civil disobedience campaign caught on in some parts of the country, especially at Delhi University, the governments tactics of mass arrests, censorship and intimidation curtailed the oppositionss popularity. After January, the Sikhs remained virtually alone in their active resistance to the regime. Hailed by opposition leaders as the last bastion of democracy, they continued to come out in large numbers each month on the day of the new moon, symbolising the dark night of Indian democracy, to court arrest. According to Amnesty International, 140,000 people had been arrested without trial during the twenty months of Gandhis Emergency. Jasjit Singh Grewal estimates that 40,000 of them came from Indias two percent Sikh minority. The role of RSS : Src: Jaffrelot Christophe, Hindu Nationalism, 1987, 297, Princeton University Press, Chitkara M G, Hindutva, Published by APH Publishing, 1997 Post Independence India, Encyclopedia of Political Parties,2002, Published by Anmol Publications PVT. LTD, The Economist London, dtd.4-12-1976 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, which was seen close to opposition leaders, and with its large organizational base was seen as having the potential of organising protests against the Government, was also banned. Police clamped down on the organisation and thousands of its workers were imprisoned. The RSS defied the ban and thousands participated in Satyagraha (peaceful protests) against the ban and against the curtailment of fundamental rights. Later, when there was no letup, the volunteers of the RSS formed underground movements for the restoration of democracy. Literature that was censored in the media was clandestinely published and distributed on a large scale and funds were collected for the movement. Networks were established between leaders of different political parties in the jail and outside for the co-ordination of the movement. The Economist described the movement as the only non-left revolutionary force in the world. It said that the movement was dominated by tens of thousands of RSS cadres, though more and more young recruits are coming. Talking about its objectives it said its platform at the moment has only one plank: to bring democracy back to India. Indian general election, 1977 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_election,_1977 -------------------------------------------------------------- Legacy The Emergency lasted 21 months, and its legacy remains intensely controversial. A few days after the Emergency was imposed, the Bombay edition of The Times of India carried an obituary that read DOcracy D.E.M, beloved husband of T Ruth, loving father of L.I.Bertie, brother of Faith, Hope and Justice, expired on June 26. A few days later censorship was imposed on newspapers. The Delhi edition of the Indian Express on 28 June, carried a blank editorial, while the Financial Express reproduced in large type Rabindranath Tagores poem Where the mind is without fear. However, the Emergency also received support from several sections. It was endorsed by social reformer Vinoba Bhave (who called it Anushasan parva, a time for discipline), industrialist J. R. D. Tata, writer Khushwant Singh and Indira Gandhis close friend & Orissa Chief Minister Nandini Satpathy. However, Tata and Satpathy later regretted that they spoke in favour of the Emergency. Others have argued that Gandhis Twenty Point Programme increased agricultural production, manufacturing activity, exports and foreign reserves. Communal Hindu–Muslim riots, which had resurfaced in the 1960s and 1970s, also reduced in intensity. In the book JP Movement and the Emergency, historian Bipan Chandra wrote, Sanjay Gandhi and his cronies like Bansi Lal, Minister of Defence at the time, were keen on postponing elections and prolonging the emergency by several years ... In October–November 1976, an effort was made to change the basic civil libertarian structure of the Indian Constitution through the 42nd amendment to it. ... The most important changes were designed to strengthen the executive at the cost of the judiciary, and thus disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional checks and balance between the three organs of the government. ibnlive.in/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html __________________________________
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