bility. Conclusion: Any Hope for Optimism? This study has examined various theories attempting to explain the driving forces behind the Boko Haram phenomenon. Our position is that each of the perspectives offers some degree of insight into the problem, as well as the general patterns of political tension and social violence in Nigeria, which Boko Haram merely epitomizes. In any case, it is clear that Boko Haram has metamorphosed from a strictly religious movement to one espousing a political agenda. While acknowledging the difficulties in getting to the root cause of the problem, the government must at least address the issues related to Jonathan’s decision to contest the 2011 presidential elections against the power rotation principle designed by his political party, the PDP, and his speculated 2015 presidential ambition. Irrespective of the constitutional provisions on individual political rights and aspirations, solemn attention needs be paid to professor Ekeh’s postulate that, “The historical condition in which the Nigerian state emerged has precluded its integration into a composite society” (1989:8). Any efforts at effecting enduring stability in Nigeria, therefore, must recognize her complex plurality, respect the sensitivity of the component parts, and refrain from acts of political impunity. References Adibe, J. “Boko Haram: One sect, conflicting narratives.” African Renaissance , 9(1), 2012. Ake, C. Democracy and Development in Africa . Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited, 1996. Akinyemi A B. “Ethnic Militia and the National Question in Nigeria,” in Tunde Babawale, (ed) Urban Violence, Ethnic Militia and the Challenge of Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. Lagos: Malthouse Press Limited, 2003. Aregbesola, R. 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