compared to goals (conversions, penalties, dropped-goals, and goals from mark) in order to promote positive, attacking play. Date Try Conversion Penalty Dropped-goal Goal from mark Notes 1871–1875 Match decided by a majority of goals (points not awarded) RFU systems Prior to inception of IRB 1876–1885 Match decided by a majority of goals if the number of goals is equal, by a majority of tries (points not awarded) 1886–1891 1-point 2 points 3 points 3 points – IRB scoring system after they took over administration of the game from the RFU 1891–1894 2 points 3 points 3 points 4 points 4 points 1894–1904 3 points 2 points 3 points 4 points 4 points 1905–1947 3 points 2 points 3 points 4 points 3 points 1948–1970 3 points 2 points 3 points 3 points 3 points 1971–1977 4 points 2 points 3 points 3 points 3 points 1977–1991 4 points 2 points 3 points 3 points – 1992–present 5 points 2 points 3 points 3 points – Timeline of the foundation of national rugby unions[edit]Main article: Timeline of foundation of national rugby unions The first national rugby union was the Rugby Football Union, founded in England in 1871. This was followed over the next decade by the Scottish Football Union (1873, later SRU), Irish Rugby Football Union (1879) and Welsh Rugby Union (1881). In Australia, the Southern Rugby Union (later the New South Wales Rugby Union) and the Northern Rugby Union (later the Queensland Rugby Union) were formed in 1874 and 1883 respectively, before eventually helping form the Australian Rugby Union in 1949. Both South Africa and New Zealand formed their Unions before the end of the 19th century. The white South African Rugby Board merged with the non-racial South African Rugby Union in 1992 following the fall of apartheid. The other major rugby power, France, formed the French Rugby Federation in 1919. Other notable foundations are Argentina (1899), Fiji (1913), Tonga (1923), Samoa (1923), Japan (1926), Italy (1928), the Rugby Union of the Soviet Union (1936), Hong Kong (1953) Canada (1965) and USA (1975). Some of the pre-1925 foundations may be more surprising to those who speak of traditional rugby playing nations: Rhodesia/Zimbabwe (1895), Germany (1900), Ceylon/Sri Lanka (1908), Morocco (1916), Malaya/Malaysia (1921), Catalonia (1922, later disbanded by Francisco Franco), Spain (1923) and Kenya (1923) Many minor governing bodies have been set up in recent years, with the most recent being Jordan (2007), Ecuador (2008), Turkey (2009) and the United Arab Emirates (2010). Important international competitions[edit]1883: First Home Nations Championship between England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. 1900: Rugby union features at the 1900 Olympics – and finishes in the 1924 Olympics. 1910: The Home Nations Championship becomes the Five Nations Championship when France joins. 1930: European Cup, outside the Five Nations, but interrupted by WWII. 1951: South American Rugby Championship commences. 1952: European Cup restarts. 1981: Rugby union at the Maccabiah Games commences. 1982: Pacific Tri-Nations between Tonga, Fiji and Samoa 1987: First Rugby World Cup. 1995: PARA Pan American Championship 1996: The Tri Nations Series begins between Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. 1998: Rugby sevens at the Commonwealth Games and Asian Games commences. 1999: IRB Sevens World Series commences. 2000: The Five Nations becomes the Six Nations Championship when Italy joins. 2000: Africa Cup commences. 2003: Churchill Cup commences with Canada, the USA, and England Saxons (England A) as permanent participants and one invited team (later three). 2004: CAR Development Trophy (Africa) commences. 2006: Pacific Nations Cup/Pacific Rugby Cup and IRB Nations Cup commence. 2008: Asian Five Nations founded. 2011: The Churchill Cup holds its final edition. From 2012 on, the USA and Canada will be included in the IRBs international tour calendar. 2012: The Tri Nations adds Argentina, and is renamed The Rugby Championship.[67] List of Rugby World Cup Finals[edit]For more details see the article Rugby World Cup 1987: New Zealand defeated France 29–9 at Eden Park, Auckland, in the first Rugby World Cup, held in New Zealand and Australia. 1991: Australia defeated England 12–6 at Twickenham, London, in the second Rugby World Cup, held in the British Isles and France. 1995: South Africa defeated New Zealand 15–12 (after extra time) at Ellis Park, Johannesburg in the third Rugby World Cup, held in South Africa. 1999: Australia defeated France 35–12 at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff in the fourth Rugby World Cup, held in Wales with matches also being played in England, Scotland, Ireland and France. 2003: England defeated Australia 20–17 (after extra time) at Stadium Australia, Sydney in the fifth Rugby World Cup, held in Australia. 2007: South Africa defeated England 15–6 at Stade de France, Saint-Denis in the sixth Rugby World Cup, held in France with matches also being played in Scotland and Wales. 2011: New Zealand defeated France 8–7 at Eden Park, Auckland, in the seventh Rugby World Cup, held in New Zealand. Notable games[edit]1871: First recognised international match, played between England and Scotland at Raeburn Place.[68] 1905: Wales narrowly beat the first touring New Zealand team, dubbed The Game of the Century.[69][70] 1973: The Barbarians defeat the All Blacks at Cardiff Arms Park[71] 1978: Irish provincial side Munster defeat the All Blacks 12–0 at Thomond Park. It is the All Blacks only defeat on the 1978 tour.[72] 1999: France upsets the heavily favoured All Blacks in the 1999 Rugby World Cup semi-finals.[73] 2000: New Zealand narrowly defeats Australia at Stadium Australia in front of a world-record crowd of 109,874.[74] International debuts of Tier 1 & 2 nations[edit]1871: Scotland and England after Scottish invitation. 1875: Ireland. 1881: Wales 1891: South Africa (against a British Isles side.) 1899: Australia (against a British Isles side as NSW.) 1903: New Zealand 1906: France (against New Zealand). 1910: Argentina (against a British Isles side.) 1912: USA (against Australia.) 1919: Romania. 1924: Samoa and Fiji (against one another) and also Tonga (against Fiji in a different match.) 1929: Italy (against Spain). 1932: International debut of Canada and Japan, against one another. Notable tours[edit] This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team toured Britain, Australia and New Zealand in 1888 and 1889. 1912–13: South African tour of the British Isles and France. The tourists achieved a Grand Slam of victories over all five major European teams, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and France. 1925: All Blacks tour of Britain, France, and Canada. The New Zealanders remained undefeated throughout the tour, earning the title The Invincibles. 1937: Springboks tour of New Zealand. South Africa beat New Zealand in their only series win in New Zealand. 1951–52: South African tour of the British Isles and France. South Africa achieved a second five-nation Grand Slam. 1956: Springboks tour of New Zealand. South Africa suffer their first ever test series loss against New Zealand. 1969–70: Springbok tour to Britain and Ireland. The tour was marked by protests against apartheid; South Africa would not tour Europe again until after the end of apartheid. 1971: Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. The only Lions team to have ever won a test series in New Zealand. 1971: Springbok tour of Australia marked by protests. Under the captaincy of Hannes Marais, however, the side inherited the nickname of its 1925 forbear. 1974: Lions tour of South Africa—the notorious 99 call. 1976: New Zealand tour of South Africa. Twenty-eight nations boycotted the 1976 Summer Olympics in protest against the International Olympic Committees refusal to ban New Zealand from the games for defying the IOCs ban on sporting contact with South Africa. 1978: New Zealand tour of Britain and Ireland – New Zealand completed the Grand Slam of victories over England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales for the first time. 1981: Springbok Tour of New Zealand. 1982: South American Jaguars tour of South Africa. 1984: Australia tour of Britain and Ireland – Australia completed the Grand Slam of victories over England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales for the first time. 1986: New Zealand Cavaliers 2001: Lions tour of Australia. The Wallabies defeat the Lions in a series for the first time ever. See also[edit]England v Scotland representative football matches (1870–1872) First ever international Association Football match, organised by the Football Association. List of oldest rugby union competitions McGill University - Athletics The inventions of North American football, hockey, rugby and basketball are all related to McGill in some way. In 1865, the first recorded game of rugby in Canada (and North America) occurred in Montreal, between British army officers and McGill students. Notes[edit]1.Jump up ^ Alsford, Stephen. Florilegium Urbanum. Retrieved 5 April 2006. 2.Jump up ^ Price, Oliver (5 February 2006). Blood, mud and aftershave. The Observer. Retrieved 29 September 2012. 3.Jump up ^ Shortell, Peter. Hacking – a history (membership needed). Cornwall Referees Society,. Retrieved 2 October 2006. [dead link] 4.Jump up ^ Marindin, Francis. Ebenezer Cobb Morley. Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 22 May 2008. 5.Jump up ^ Staff.World Rugby Chronology[dead link],World Rugby Museum[dead link]. Retrieved 2008-11-10. 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The History of Sports. Saperecom. 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2011. 23.Jump up ^ NFL History 1869–1910. NFL. NFL Enterprises LLC. 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2007. 24.Jump up ^ A long way from Dublins bloody past. BBC News. 3 February 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2010. 25.Jump up ^ Ward, Paul (2004). Britishness since 1870. London: Routledge. p. 79. 26.Jump up ^ Coogan, Tim Pat (2000). Wherever the Green Is Worn. New York: Palgrave. p. 179. 27.Jump up ^ The odd couple: Soccer and GAA remain bitter enemies. The Irish Independent. 24 March 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2011. 28.Jump up ^ Bath, Richard (1997), p.67 29.Jump up ^ No Christian End!. The Journey to Camp: The Origins of American Football to 1769. Professional Football Researchers Association. Retrieved 16 May 2007. 30.Jump up ^ Meacham, Scott (2006). Old Division Football, The Indigenous Mob Soccer of Dartmouth College (pdf) (PDF). dartmo. 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Retrieved 15 February 2011. 45.Jump up ^ Golf & rugby voted into Olympics. BBC. 9 October 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 46.^ Jump up to: a b Godwin 1981, p. 18 47.Jump up ^ Thomas 1954, p. 27 When they arrived in this country [Britain] they were regarded as an unknown quantity, but it was not anticipated that they would give the stronger British teams a great deal of opposition. The result of the very first match against Devon was regarded as a foregone conclusion by most British followers. 48.Jump up ^ The anthem in more recent years. BBC Cymru Wales history. BBC Cymru Wales. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2010. 49.Jump up ^ Centenary of Rugby Football Match 1923. rugbyrelics. Retrieved 18 May 2006. 50.^ Jump up to: a b c Bath, p 27 51.Jump up ^ Girling (1978), p.221 52.Jump up ^ Schofield, Hugh (8 October 2002). French rugby league fights for rights. BBC. Retrieved 29 September 2012. 53.Jump up ^ Making rugby history. BBC. 29 January 2008. 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Sport in Soviet Society – development of sport and physical education in Russia and the USSR. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Starmer-Smith, Nigel, ed. (1986). Rugby – A Way of Life, An Illustrated History of Rugby. Lennard Books. ISBN 0-7126-2662-X.
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