grammar First semester gr 2013-2014 The definite article *The definite article is “the”. -It is the same for singular and plural and all gender. Example: the boy the boys. the girl the girls. 1-the definite article is used a-before nouns of which there is only one, or which are consider as one. Example: the Earth, the sea, the sky, the North Pole. b-before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a second time. Example: His car struck a tree, you can steel see the mark on the tree. c-before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or a clause. Example: The boy that I met. The place that I went. d-before a noun which, by reason of a locality, can represent only one particular thing. Example: Ann is in the garden (the garden of this house). Please pass the lemonade (the lemonade on the table. e-before superlative and first, second …etc. example: Most people think that Sunday is the worst day in the week. Jane is the tallest girl in the classroom. f-before an adjective used to represent a class of people. Example: The old and the young should be able to live together. g-before names of seas, rivers, chain of mountains, groups of islands, plural names of countries. Example: The Atlantic Ocean, the Thames, the Alps, the U.S.A. h-before musical instruments. Example: she learnt to play the piano. The definite article is not used a-before countries, towns, proper nouns. Example: Mr James returned to England and bought a house in London. Exceptions The Congo, the Sudan, the Strand. The Smiths (Mr and Ms Smith family). The Joneses (Mr and Ms Jones). The Mr Smith would possible in such sentences as: Example: I don’t want the Mr Smith who works in the accounts office; I want the other Mr Smith. b-before abstract nouns except when they are in a particular sense. Example: man fear death but the death of the prime minister left his party without a leader. c-before names of meals: the English have eggs for breakfast but the wedding dinner was held in her father’s house. Omission of “the” before “home”, “market”, “school”, “hospital”… a) When home is used alone “the” is omitted. Example: he went home. She left home. They got home late. They arrived home after dark. Note: the proposition “to” is omitted and “at” is not used after arrive. But when “home” Is preceded or followed by a descriptive word or phrase, it is treated like any other noun as regards articles, and proposition. Example: we went to the bride’s home but Mud was the only home he had ever known. b-church, market, college, school, hospital, court, prison, work, sea, bed. These nouns are used without “the” when there are visited or used for their primary purpose. Example: They go to Church to pray. They go to school to study. They go to college to study. They go to bed to sleep. They go to sea as sailors. They go to market to buy or sell. They go to hospital as patient. They go to prison as prisoners. They go to court as lawyers. They go to work as worker. When these places are not visited for their primary purpose, the article “the” is used. Example: I went to the Church to see the Carvings. He comes to the school from time to time to speak to the head master. He returned from the prison where he had been visiting his brother. He went to the bed (walked over it). *in contrast to the above list, the following very common nouns always take “the”. (means not exception) cathedral, office, cinema, theatre. He is at the office/but at work. She is going to the theatre. We are going to visit the cathedral. We are going to the cinema. Exercises 1-put in “the” if necessary We walked past ____ Tale Gallery. _____ houses of parliament _____to west minister Bridge, and down____steps beside ______ bridge to_____west minister Pier. Here we bought tickets for a trip down _______ Thames. A river boat was waiting at _____- Pier. We were just in time for ______ 2 o’clock trip. We pass under several famous bridges and finally under _____Tower Bridge which is _____ most famous of all. We hoped to see ______ Thames Flood Barrie which was built to protect ______ city from flood, but we didn’t see it because ______boat didn’t go any further than _____Greenwich. Answer We walked past the Tale Gallery. The houses of parliament _____to west minister Bridge, and down_____steps beside the bridge to_____west minister Pier. Here we bought tickets for a trip down the Thames. A river boat was waiting at the Pier. We were just in time for the 2 o’clock trip. We pass under several famous briges and finally under _____Tower Bridge which is the most famous of all. We hoped to see the Thames Flood Barrie which was built to protect the city from flood, but we didn’t see it because the boat didn’t go any further than _____Greenwich. We walked past the Tale Gallery. The houses of parliament to west minister Bridge, and down steps beside the bridge to west minister Pier. Here we bought tickets for a trip down the Thames. A river boat was waiting at the Pier. We were just in time for the 2 o’clock trip. We pass under several famous bridges and finally under Tower Bridge which is the most famous of all. We hoped to see the Thames Flood Barrie which was built to protect the city from flood, but we didn’t see it because the boat didn’t go any further than Greenwich. 2- Put in “the” if necessary We have ____soup for ______super. After _____ meal Tom and I play _____chess. Bill prefers_____cards.the game he likes best is______ bridge. He says that ______chess worries_____patience and he is not patient. He also says that ______life is soo short to wast in thos way. Answer We have ____soup for ______super. After the meal Tom and I play _____chess. Bill prefers_____cards. The game he likes best is______ bridge. He says that ______chess worries_____patience and he is not patient. He also says that ______life is so short to waste in this way. We have soup for super. After the meal Tom and I play chess. Bill prefers cards. The game he likes best is bridge. He says that chess worries patience and he is not patient. He also says that life is so short to waste in this way. 3-Put in “the” if necessary “You will have to go into______ hospital.” Said the doctor. “Can’t stay at______ home? Asked the old man. “I hate_____ hospitals. I was in______ hospital for six weeks when I was a boy and it was like being in______ prison.” “______ hospitals are more cheerful now, the doctor assured him”. And the _______ at______ county hospital is excellent. ______ beds are comfortable too and you will like _____ nurses.” “Shall I have to stay in ______ all the time?” oh! No” “and can_____ people come to _______ hospital to see me?” “Of course”. Answer “You will have to go into______ hospital.” Said the doctor. “Can’t stay at______ home? Asked the old man. “I hate ______hospitals. I was in _____hospital for six weeks when I was a boy and it was like being in_____ prison.” “The hospitals are more cheerful now, the doctor assured him”. And the food at______ county hospital is excellent. The beds are comfortable too and you will like the nurses.” “Shall I have to stay in ____bed all the time?” oh! No” “and can ____people come to the hospital to see me?” “Of course”. “You will have to go into hospital.” Said the doctor. “Can’t stay at home? Asked the old man. “I hate hospitals. I was in hospital for six weeks when I was a boy and it was like being in prison.” “The hospitals are more cheerful now, the doctor assured him”. And the food at county hospital is excellent. The beds are comfortable too and you will like the nurses.” “Shall I have to stay in bed all the time?” oh! No” “and can people come to the hospital to see me?” “Of course”. Extra exercises Exercise 1) Complete “the” sentence using the following .use the where necessary. Breakfast cinema dinner gate Gate21 question8 sea. 1- ‘Are you going out this evening?’ “Yes, after dinner.” 2- There was no wind, so………………..was very calm. 3- The test wasn’t too difficult, but I could answer………………… 4- ‘I am going to ……………..tonight.’ ‘Are you? What are you going to see?’ 5- I didn’t have time for …………………. this morning because I was in hurry. 6- Oh,………………….is open, I must have forgotten to shut it. 7- (airport announcement) Flight AB123 to Rome is now boarding at…………………. Solution 1- ‘Are you going out this evening?’ “Yes, after dinner.” 2- There was no wind, so the sea was very calm. 3- The test wasn’t too difficult, but I could answer Question 8. 4- ‘I am going to the cinema tonight.’ ‘Are you? What are you going to see?’ 5- I didn’t have time for breakfast this morning because I was in hurry. 6- Oh, the gate is open; I must have forgotten to shut it. 7- (airport announcement) Flight AB123 to Rome is now boarding at Gate 21. Exercice2 Complete the sentences using the following. Use the where necessary. (The) basketball (the) grass (the) patient (the) people (The) questions (the) meat (the) information (the) shops (The) history (the) water (the) spiders (the) lies 1-My favourite sport is basketball. 2-The information we were given wasn’t correct. 3-Some people are afraid of ………………. 4-A vegetarian is somebody who doesn’t eat ……………….. 5-The test wasn’t very difficult. I answered……………….without difficulty. 6-Do you know ………………..who lives next door? 7-……….……….is the study of the past. 8-George always tells the truth. He never tells……………….. 9-It was late when we arrived in the town, and………………were shut. 10-……….……….in the pool didn’t look very clean, so we didn’t go for a swim. 11-Don’t sit on………………...It’s wet after the rain. 12-You need………….……to teach young children. solution 1-My favourite sport is basketball. 2- Some people are afraid of spiders. 3-The information we were given wasn’t correct. 4-A vegetarian is somebody who doesn’t eat meat. 5-The test wasn’t very difficult. I answered the questions without difficulty. 6-Do you know the people who lives next door? 7- History is the study of the past. 8-George always tells the truth. He never tells lies. 9-It was late when we arrived in the town, and the shops were shut. 10-The water in the pool didn’t look very clean, so we didn’t go for a swim. 11-Don’t sit on the grass.It’s wet after the rain. 12-You need patience to teach young children. Exercice3) Choose the correct form, with or without the. 1-I am afraid of dogs/the dogs (dogs is correct) 2-Can you pass salt/ the salt, please? ( the salt is correct) 3-Apples/ The apples are good for you. 4-Look at apples/ the apples on that tree! They are very big. 5-Women/ The women live longer than men/ the man. 6-I don’t drink tea/ the tea. I don’t like it. 7-We had a very good meal. Vegetables/ The vegetables were especially good. 8-Life/ The life is strong sometimes. Some very strong things happen. 9-I like skiing/ the skiing, but I am not very good at it. 10-Who are people/ the people in this photograph? 11-What makes people /the people violent? What causes aggression/ the aggression? 12-All books/ all the books on the top shelf belong to me. 13-Don’t stay in that hotel. It’s very noisy and beds/ the beds are very uncomfortable. 14-A pacifist is somebody who is against war/ the war. 15-First World War/ the First World War lasted from 1914 until 1918. 16-I’d like to go to Egypt and see Pyramids/ the Pyramids. 17-Someone gave me a book about history/ the history of modern art/ the modern art. 18-Ron and Brenda got married, but marriage/ the marriage didn’t last very long. 19-Most people/ the most people believe that marriage/ the marriage and family life/ the family life are the basis of society/ the society. solution 1-I am afraid of dogs/the dogs (dogs is correct) 2-Can you pass salt/ the salt, please? (the salt is correct) 3-Apples/ The apples are good for you. 4-Look at apples/ the apples on that tree! They are very big. 5-Women/ The women live longer than men/ the man. 6-I don’t drink tea/ the tea. I don’t like it. 7-We had a very good meal. Vegetables/ The vegetables were especially good. 8-Life/ The life is strong sometimes. Some very strong things happen. 9-I like skiing/ the skiing, but I am not very good at it. 10-Who are people/ the people in this photograph? 11-What makes people /the people violent? What causes aggression/ the aggression? 12-All books/ all the books on the top shelf belong to me. 13-Don’t stay in that hotel. It’s very noisy and beds/ the beds are very uncomfortable. 14-A pacifist is somebody who is against war/ the war. 15-First World War/ the First World War lasted from 1914 until 1918. 16-I’d like to go to Egypt and see Pyramids/ the Pyramids. 17-Someone gave me a book about history/ the history of modern art/ the modern art. 18-Ron and Brenda got married, but marriage/ the marriage didn’t last very long. 19-Most people/ the most people believe that marriage/ the marriage and family life/ the family life are the basis of society/ the society. Plural: The plural of a noun is usually made by adding‘s’ to singular Ex: dog → dogs day →days house → houses Exceptions a-noun ending in o , ss , sh , ch , x , form their plural by adding “es”. Ex: tomato→ tomatoes kiss→ kisses brush→ brushes watch→ watches box→boxes But foreign, abbreviated words ending in o add s only. Ex: piano→ pianos dynamo→ dynamos Photo→ photos b-*nouns ending in ‘y’ following a consonant form their plural by dropping the y and adding ies Ex: baby→ babies body→ bodies lady→ ladies country →→countries fly→ flies *noun ending in ‘y’ following a vowel from their plural by adding‘s’ only ex: boy→boys donkey→donkeys day→days c- twelve nouns ending in f or fe drop the f or fe and add “ves”. These nouns are: *knife → knives *life → lives *wife → wives *wolf → wolves *self → selves *calf →calves *shelf →shelves *leaf → leaves *loaf →loaves *thief → thieves *sheaf →sheaves *half → halves The noun scarf, wharf, hoof, dwarf take either “s” or “ves” in the plural, so scarf can became→ scarfs or scarves wharf can became→ wharfs or wharves hoof can became→ hoofs or hooves dwarf can became→ dwarfs or dwarves Other words ending in f or fe add in the plural in the ordinary way. These are: cliff →cliffs, fife →fifes, handkerchief → handkerchiefs. d-*a few nouns form their plural by a vowel change like man→men woman→women mouse→mice louse→lice goose→geese tooth→teeth foot→feet *the plural of child is children e-a few names of fish and animals do not change in the plural: sheep→ sheep deer→ deer salmon→ salmon fish→ fish trout→trout one fish→ two fish one sheep→ three sheep f- words which retain their original Greek or Latin forms make their plural according to the rules of Greek or Latin. Ex: agendum→ agenda memorandum→ memoranda datum→ data erratum→ errata radius→ radii crisis→ crises basis→ bases axis→ axes oasis→ oases thesis→ theses appendix→ appendices phenomenon→ phenomena sometimes there two plural form with deferent meaning. Index ↗indexes (list of count tans of boobs) ↘ indices (a mathematical term) Genius↗ geniuses (extraordinarily intelligent persons) ↘ genii (super natural beings ) g-*compound nouns: normally the last word is made plural Ex: armchair→ armchairs bookcase → bookcases where man or woman is prefixed, both parts are made plural: manservant→ menservants *compound nouns formed with proposition adverbs make only the first word plural ex: Sister-in-law→ sisters-in-law Looker-on→ lookers-on *words in ful usually make their plural in the ordinary way ex: handful→ handfuls Armful → armfuls Exercise Give the plural of these words: Ray→ rays Monkey→ monkeys Volcano→ volcanos/volcanoes Cargo→ cargos/cargoes Hobby→ hobbies City→ cities Medium→ media Syllabus →syllabi Bacillus → bacilli Diagramosis → diagramoses Actor→ actors Thief→ thieves Criterion→ criteria Pencil→ pencils Bag→ bags Radio→ radios Clergyman→ clergymen Brother-in-law→ brothers-in-law Judge→ judge Singular and plural Sometimes we use a plural noun for one thing that has two parts. For example: a- These words are plural, so they take plural verbs. Trousers (two legs) Jeans (two legs) Pants (two legs) Shorts (two legs) Tights (two legs) pyjamas(top and bottom) Glasses Binoculars Scissors My trousers are too long. (not my trousers is) *you can also use a pair of+ these words Those are nice jeans. Or that is a nice pair of jeans.(not a nice jeans) I need some new glasses. or I need a new pair of glasses. b-some nouns end in –ics, but are not usually plural. Example: *athletics economics electronics gymnastics maths(=mathematics) physics politics Ex: Gymnastics is my favourite sport (not gymnastics are) *News is not plural. Ex: what time is the news on televisions?(not are the news) *Some words ending in –s can be singular or plural. Means→ a means of transports→ many means of transports. series→a television series →two televisions series. species→ a species of birds→200 species of birds. c-some singular nouns are often used with a plural verb. Example: Audience committee company family firm government staff team These nouns are all groups of people. We often think of them as a number of people (=), not one thing (=it).so we often use a plural verb. Ex: the government (=they) want to increase taxes. The staff at the school (=they) are not happy with their new working conditions. In the same way, we often use a plural verb after the name of sports team or a company. Italy are playing brazil next week (in a football match). Shell have increased the price of petrol. *a singular verb (the government wants…/shell has…etc.) is also possible. *we use a plural verb with police: Ex: the police are investigating the murder, but haven’t arrested anyone yet (not the police is…hasn’t) *Note that we say a police officer/ a policeman/a police woman (not a police). d-we do not often use the plural of person (‘persons’).we normally use people.( a plural word) Ex: he is a nice person. But they are nice people. (not nice persons) many people don’t have enough to eat.(not many people doesn’t) Exercises Exercise one Complete each sentence using a word from section A or B. sometimes you need some or a. 1-my eyesight isn’t very good. I need …………... 2-………. is group of animals or plants that have the same characteristics. 3-Footballers don’t wear trousers when they play. They wear…………. 4-The bicycle is ……………of transport. 5-The bicycles and the cars are …………..of transport. 6-I want to cut this piece of material. I need ………………. 7-a friend of mine is writing ……………of articles for the local newspaper. 8-There are a lot of American TV…………. shown on British television. 9-While we were out walking; we saw many different …………of bird. Answer 1-my eyesight isn’t very good. I need glasses. 2-a species is group of animals or plants that have the same characteristics. 3-Footballers don’t wear trousers when they play. They wear shorts. 4-The bicycle is a means of transport. 5-The bicycles and the cars are means of transport. 6-I want to cut this piece of material. I need scissors (a pair of scissors). 7-a friend of mine is writing a series of articles for the local newspaper. 8-There are a lot of American TV series shown on British television. 9-While we were out walking; we saw many different species of bird. Exercise two In each example the words on the left are connected with an activity (for example. A sport or an academic subject), while the name of the activity. The beginning of the word given. 1-Calculate algebra equation mathematics 2-Government election minister p…………………………. 3-Finance trade employment e…………………………. 4-Running jumping throwing a…………………………. 5-Light heat gravity ph………………………. 6-Exercises somersault parallel bars gy……………………….. 7-Computer silicon chip video games el………………………… Answer 1-Calculate algebra equation mathematics 2-Government election minister politics 3-Finance trade employment economics 4-Running jumping throwing athletics 5-Light heat gravity physics 6-Exercises somersault parallel bars gymnastics 7-Computer silicon chip video games electronics Exercise three Choose the correct form of the verb, singular or plural.in one sentence either the singular or a plural verb is possible. 1-Gymnastics is/are my favourite sport.is is correct 2-The trousers you bought for me doesn’t /don’t fit me. 3-The police want /wants to interview two men about the robbers last week. 4-Physics was/were my best subject at school. 5-Can I borrow your scissors? Mine isn’t/ aren’t sharp enough. 6-Fortunately the news wasn’t /weren’t as bad as we expected. 7-Where does/ do your family live? 8-I can’t find my binoculars. Do you know where is it/ where there are? 9-It’s a nice place to visit. The people is/are friendly. 10-Does/do the police know how the accident happened? Answer 1-Gymnastics is my favourite sport. 2-The trousers you bought for me don’t fit me. 3-The police want to interview two men about the robbers last week. 4-Physics was my best subject at school. 5-Can I borrow your scissors? Mine aren’t sharp enough. 6-Fortunately the news wasn’t as bad as we expected. 7-Where does/ do your family live? Both correct 8-I can’t find my binoculars. Do you know where there are? 9-It’s a nice place to visit. The people are friendly. 10- Do the police know how the accident happened? Exercise four Most of the sentences are wrong. Correct them 1-The government want to increase taxes. ok wants is also correct 2-Susan was wearing a black jeans……………………………. 3-Brazil are playing Italy in a football match next week…………………… 4-I like Martin and Jane. They are very nice persons………………………… 5-I am going to buy a new pyjama…………………………….. 6-The committee haven’t made a decision yet………………………….. 7-There was a police directing traffic in the street…………………….. 8-What is the police going to do?.................................. 9-This scissors isn’t very sharp……………………… Answer Some sentences are wrong. Correct them 1-The government want to increase taxes. wants is also Correct 2-Susan was wearing a black jeans. Wrong -Susan was wearing black jeans 3-Brazil are playing Italy in a football match next week. Correct 4-I like Martin and Jane. They are very nice persons. Wrong They are very nice people 5-I am going to buy a new pyjamas. Wrong - I am going to buy new pyjamas. 6-The committee haven’t made a decision yet. Hasn’t is also Correct 7-There was a police directing traffic in the street. Wrong -There was a policeman directing traffic in the street. 8-What is the police going to do? Wrong -What are the police going to do? 9-This scissors isn’t very sharp. Wrong -these scissors aren’t very sharp. Exercise 1-write the plural form of these nouns Watch watches Tomato tomatoes Fly flies Half halves Leaf leaves Life lives Cliff cliffs Sheep sheep Loaf loaves Wife wives Child children Wolf wolves Sister-in law sisters-in law Photo photos Kilo kilos Piano pianos Video videos Hanger-on hangers-on Travel agent travel agents Woman driver women drivers Series series The most common tenses in English Tense Signal words Use Form Examples Simple Present every day sometimes always often usually seldom never first ... then something happens repeatedly how often something happens sequence of actions things in general after the following verbs (to love, to hate, to think, etc.) future meaning: timetables, programmes infinitive he/she/it + -s I work he works I go he goes Present Progressive now at the moment Look! Listen! something is happening at the same time of speaking or around it future meaning: when you have alreadydecided and arrangedto do it (a fixed plan, date) to be (am/are/is) +infinitive + -ing Im working hes working Im going hes going Simple Past last ... ... ago in 1990 yesterday action took place in the past, mostly connected with an expression of time (no connection to the present) regular: infinitive + -ed irregular: 2nd column I worked he worked I went he went Past Progressive an action happened in the middle of another action - someone was doing sth. at a certain time (in the past) - you dont know whether it was finished or not was/were +infinitive + -ing I was working he was working I was going he was going Simple Present Perfect yet never ever already so far, up to now, zum Teil: since for recently you say that sth. has happened or is finished in the past and it has a connection to the present action started in the past and continues up to the present have/has + past participle(infinitive + -ed) or (3rd column) Ive worked hes worked Ive gone hes gone Present Perfect Progressive emphasis: length of time of an action action began in the past and has just stopped how long the action has been happening have/has + been +infinitive + -ing Ive been working hes beenworking Ive been going hes been going Simple Past Perfect mostly when two actions in a story are related to each other: the action which had already happened is put into Past Perfect, the other action into Simple Past the past of the Present Perfect had + past participle (infinitive+ -ed) or (3rd column) I had worked he had worked I had gone he had gone will - future predictions about the future (you think that sth. will happen) you decide to do sth. spontaneously at the time of speaking, you havent made a decision before main clause in if clause type I will + infinitive Ill work hell work Ill go hell go going to - future when you have already decided to do sth. in the future what you think what will happen be (am/are/is) +going to + infinitive Im going to work hes going towork Im going to go hes going to go Mixed tenses: letters Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (some present participles will be required). Part 1 Dear Sir 1 -I (write) to you three weeks ago, (ask) about conditions of entry into your college. 2- You (reply), (enclose) an enrolment form, which I (fill up) and (return) without delay. 3- Since then, however, I (hear) nothing and I (begin) to wonder if my application (go) astray. 4 -You please (check) that you (receive) it and if you havent, please send me another enrolment form. 5- If, on the other hand, you (receive) my application but (not decide) whether to accept me as a student or not, I (be) very grateful if you (tell) me when I may expect to hear your decision. 6-Finally, if my application already (be) refused, I (like) to be informed as soon as possible because if I do not get into your college I (have) to apply to another and the sooner I (do) this, the better chance I (have) of being accepted. Yours faithfully P. Smith Answer Dear Sir 1 –I wrote to you three weeks ago, asking(to ask) about conditions of entry into your college. 2- You replied , enclosing an enrolment form, which I filled up and returned without delay. 3- Since then, however, I have heard nothing and I begin to wonder if my application has gone astray. 4 –Could (would) you please check that you have received it and if you havent, please send me another enrolment form. 5- If, on the other hand, you have received(did received)(received)my application but haven’t decided whether to accept me as a student or not, I would be very grateful if you tell me when I may expect to hear your decision. 6-Finally, if my application has already been refused, I would like to be informed as soon as possible because if I do not get into your college I will have to apply to another and the sooner I do this, the better chance I have of being accepted. Yours faithfully P. Smith Part 2 Dear Mr Jones 7- My family and I (suffer) a good deal lately from the noise made by your guests when they (leave) your house on Saturday nights. 8- They (stand) in the street, (laugh) loudly and (call) goodbye to you and to each other. 9- Then they (get) into their cars, (bang) the doors loudly, and finally they (reverse) their cars on to the road. 10- This (sound) a fairly simple manoeuvre, but there is always at least one of your guests who (find) it almost beyond him—whether because he (have) too much to drink or still (learn) to drive I (not know)—but I (know) that it (take) him ages to get out, and all the time we hear his engine (roar) and his friends (shout) advice. 11- By the time all your guests (go) and the road is quiet again, my family all (be) wakened up, and the children often (find) it very hard to get to sleep again. 12- I (be) very grateful if you (ask) your guests to leave more quietly and perhaps you (be able) persuade any learner drivers to come by taxi. Yours sincerely Andrew Brown Answer Dear Mr Jones 7- My family and I have been suffering a good deal lately from the noise made by your guests when they leave your house on Saturday nights. 8- They stand in the street, laughing loudly and calling goodbye to you and to each other. 9- Then they get into their cars, banging the doors loudly, and finally they reverse their cars on to the road. 10- This sounds a fairly simple manoeuvre, but there is always at least one of your guests who finds it almost beyond him—whether because he has had too much to drink or is still learning to drive I don’t know—but I know that it takes him ages to get out, and all the time we hear his engine roaring and his friends shouting advice. 11- By the time all your guests has gone and the road is quiet again, my family all have been wakened up, and the children often find it very hard to get to sleep again. 12- I should be(would) very grateful if you ask your guests to leave more quietly, and perhaps you could be able persuade any learner drivers to come by taxi. Yours sincerely Andrew Brown Part 3 Dear Ann 13- You (be) free to come to dinner here on Saturday next at 8.00? 14- My brother Paul (come) and (bring) a friend of his called Tom Edwards. 15- You (not meet) Tom but I (think) you (like) him. 16-He is an assistant stage manager at the Gate Theatre and he (be able) to tell you about the actors. 17-Paul says Tom (receive) hardly any salary and often (not get) enough to eat, so he (ask) me to have roast beef and Yorkshire pudding for dinner, with apple dumpling to follow. 18- He probably (ring) up between now and Saturday, to say that it (be) a good idea to start with a substantial soup, such as ox-tail! 19 -I (know) you not usually (eat) heavy three-course meals of this type, but I (hope) the conversation (not be) so heavy. Anyway, come if you (be able). 20- PS. The 14 bus (pass) the door as you probably (remember), and Paul (give) you a lift home. Love Mary Answer Part 3 Dear Ann 13- Are you free to come to dinner here on Saturday next at 8.00? 14- My brother Paul is coming and bringing a friend of his called Tom Edwards. Or will be coming and bringing. 15- You haven’t met Tom but I think you will like him. 16-He is an assistant stage manager at the Gate Theatre and he will be able to tell you about the actors. 17-Paul says Tom receives hardly any salary and often does not get enough to eat, so he asked me to have roast beef and Yorkshire pudding for dinner, with apple dumpling to follow. 18- He will probably ring up between now and Saturday, to say that it would be a good idea to start with a substantial soup, such as ox-tail! 19 -I know you do not usually eat heavy three-course meals of this type, but I hope the conversation will not be so heavy. Anyway, come if you can. 20- PS. The 14 bus passes the door as you will probably remember, and Paul will give you a lift home. Love Mary Mixed tenses: telephone conversations Part 1 1- Caller: this is Mrs Jones at 22 High Street. ...I have an appointment for a shampoo and set, please. 2- Receptionist: Yes, Mrs Jones. Who usually (do) your hair? 3-Caller: Peter usually (do) it, but the last time I (come) he (be) on holiday and Ann (do) it. So if Peter (be) not available, Ann (do) very well. 4- Receptionist: When you (want) to come, Mrs Jones? 5- Caller: I (like) to come tomorrow afternoon if possible. 6- Receptionist: Im afraid that that afternoon is full. Thursday afternoon at 4.00 (suit) you? 7- Caller: Im afraid it .... My mother-in-law (come) to tea. Answer Part 1 1- Caller: this is Mrs Jones at 22 High Street. could I have an appointment for a shampoo and set, please. 2- Receptionist: Yes, Mrs Jones. Who usually does your hair? 3-Caller: Peter usually does it, but the last time I came he was on holiday and Ann did it. So if Peter is not available, Ann will do very well. 4- Receptionist: When do you want to come, Mrs Jones? 5- Caller: I would like to come tomorrow afternoon if possible. 6- Receptionist: Im afraid that that afternoon is full. Would Thursday afternoon at 4.00 suit you? 7- Caller: Im afraid it wouldn’t My mother-in-law is coming to tea. Exercise:past simple or present perfect Choose the correct verb form to complete the sentences He …………there when he was a child. Has lived/lived I …………..her since last year. haven’t seen/ didn’t see They ……… a few minutes ago. left/have left She ………………unemployed since she left school. has not been/ was not They ……………. the contact last week. finalised/have finalised The film ………….. yet. hasn’t started/didn’t start She ………… ill since Thursday. has been / was I ……………. the project last night. have finished/finished Look-someone………… their handbag in the room. left/ has left ….………… to Rome. did you ever go/have you ever been I can’t get into my house because I …………. my keys. lost/ have lost Nobody ………….the phone when it rang. answered/has answered I ……………smoking last year. have given/ gave You can’t see her because she …………home. has gone /went I never ……… my grandmother as she died before I was born. knew/have known The first time we …………. was just the other day. spoke/have spoken It’s stinks in here; Someone ……………smoking. has been/was He is in hospital because he…………….. his leg. has broken/broke I have known her since we ………. at school together. were/have been It’s ages since we…………….. spoke/ has spoken It has been ages since we ………… from Dave. have heard/ heard The last time I ……. Fran was ages ago .saw/ have seen I …………… from her lately. didn’t hear/ haven’t hear I just ………….. the time to go to the cinema recently. didn’t have / haven’t had I …………. just Meg and Brian at the party. have seen/saw I ………… busy for the past fortnight. have been/ was She ……… away for the last two weeks. has been/was ……………. to the concert on Friday? did you go/ have you been I ………….. them since my schooldays. have known/knew He………….. yet .hasn’t arrived/didn’t arrive They ………….. the contrast yet. haven’t signed/didn’t sign The newspaper …………… very successful lately. hasn’t been/wasn’t He ……….during the war. Died/has died I ……….. breakfast before leaving home this morning. didn’t have/haven’t had I ………….. a taxi so I came on the bus. didn’t find/haven’t found John’s nervous because he ………..such a difficult test before. has never taken/did never take. Answer Choose the correct verb form to complete the sentences He lived there when he was a child. I haven’t seen her since last year. They left a few minutes ago. She has not been unemployed since she left school. They finalised the contact last week. The film hasn’t started yet. She has been ill since Thursday. I finished the project last night. Look-someone has left their handbag in the room Have you ever been to Rome. I can’t get into my house because I have lost my keys. Nobody answered the phone when it rang. I gave up smoking last year. You can’t see her because she has gone home. I never knew my grandmother as she died before I was born. The first time we spoke was just the other day. It’s stinks in here; someone has been smoking. He is in hospital because he has broken his leg. I have known her since we were at school together. It’s ages since we spoke. It has been ages since we have heard from Dave. The last time I saw Fran was ages ago. I haven’t heard from her lately. I just haven’t had the time to go to the cinema recently. I have not seen just Meg and Brian at the party. I was busy for the past fortnight. She was away for the last two weeks. Did you go to the concert on Friday? I have known them since my schooldays. He hasn’t arrived yet. They haven’t signed the contrast yet. The newspaper hasn’t been very successful lately. He died during the war. I didn’t have breakfast before leaving home this morning. I didn’t find a taxi so I came on the bus. John’s nervous because he has never taken such a difficult test before. Conditionals Introduction A. Conditional sentences have two parts: the if-clause and the main clause. Consider the sentences: If you drop the glass, it will break. If you drop is the if-clause and it will break is the main clause. The main clause can come first: It will break if you drop it. B. There are three types of conditional sentence: Type 1: If I find your passport, Ill post it to you. Type 2: If I knew his number, I would ring him. Type 3: If Id had enough money, I would have bought it. Conditional sentences, type 1 A. Form The verb in the if-clause is in the present tense and the verb in the main clause is in the future simple: If I see Tom tomorrow Ill give him your message . Note that the if-clause usually refers to the future, but the verb is in the present tense. B. Use We use type 1 conditional sentences when we think the action or situation in the if-clause is possible or probable. Type 1 conditional often refer to the future If I see him tomorrow I will tell him but can refer to the present: If you feel cold (now) Ill shut the window. C. Variations of the basic form 1. In the if-clause, instead of the present simple, we can use the present continuous: If youre looking for Tom youll find him upstairs Or the present perfect: If youve finished your homework well watch TV. 2. In the main clause, instead of will, we can use may/can for permission: If you eat all your dinner you can have a chocolate. Or may/might/could for possibility: If its foggy tonight the plane may be late. Or can/could for ability: If the ice is thick we can walk across . (well be able to walk across) Or any expression of command, advice, suggestion or request: If you are tired *sit down (command/advice) OR *you should sit OR *you had better sit down (advice) OR * why dont you sit down? (advice or suggestion) If you arent too busy would you help me with this? (request) 3. We can also use two present simple tenses to express automatic or habitual results: If you press this button the light goes on. (automatic result) If you argue with him he gets angry. (habitual result) If he comes or to make a statement more dramatic I go! Conditional sentences, type 2 A. Form The verb in the if-clause is in the past simple tense and the verb in the main clause is would + infinitive: If he had a garden, he would grow roses If I won £50,000, Id give up my job. Type 2 conditional sentences refer to the present or future. The past tense in the if-clause doesnt indicate past time. It is an unreal past and indicates unreality or doubt . B. Use We use type 2 conditional sentences as follows. 1. When the statement in the if-clause is contrary to known fact. If he had a garden,... means that he doesnt have a garden. The if-clause here refers to the present. 2. When the action in the if-clause is improbable. If someone says, If I won £50,000, ... we know that he doesnt expect to win so much. The if-clause here refers to the future. 3. Sometimes when we are considering possible actions: Ill go by bus. ~ If you went by train, youd get there sooner. C. The use of were 1. Instead of if + was, we can use if + were: If I was / were rich, Id build a house Note the form If I was / were you, Id ...: If I were you, Id buy a car. This is a useful way of expressing advice. 2. When the if-clause expresses an improbable action (B2 above) we can replace a past simple form by were + infinitive: If I were to win £50,000, Id give up my job. This is a fairly formal construction. D. Variations of the basic form 1. In the if-clause, we can use the past continuous: Im going by bus. If I were going by car, Id offer you a lift. 2. In the main clause we can use might or could to express a possible result or ability: If you wrote to him, he might answer (possible result) If I knew his address, I could write to him. (ability) Compare with the basic form, in which would expresses a certain result: If you wrote to him, he would answer 3. We can use would + continuous infinitive (= the continuous conditional): If I were on holiday now, Id be skiing. 4. We can also use two past tenses for automatic or habitual results in the past: If anyone tried to break in, the alarm went off. If you dismissed one man, the others went on on strike Conditional sentences, type 3 A. Form The verb in the if-clause is in the past perfect tense (had + past participle) and the verb in the main clause is would + perfect infinitive (182): If he had been in his office, I would have seen him. B. Use We use type 3 conditional sentences when we refer to the past and to an action or situation that did not happen: If I had seen him, I would have warned him. (But I didnt see him, so I didnt warn him) If youd spoken politely, he wouldnt have been angry (But you didnt speak politely and he was angry) C. Variations of the basic form 1. In the if-clause we can use the perfect continuous: You were driving too fast. If you had been going more slowly, youd have been able to stop. 2. We can put had first and omit the if. But this is a very formal construction: Had the Minister known all the facts, he would have acted differently. 3. In the main clause we can use might or could: If youd asked him, he might have helped you. (possibility) If youd asked him, he could have helped you (ability) Special uses of wont and would in if-clauses A. We can use if + wont + infinitive instead of if + refuse / refuses + infinitive: If they wont take cheques, well have to pay cash. (If they refuse to take cheques, well have to pay cash.) B. if + would like / care can replace if + want : If youd like to go to the concert, Ill get you a ticket. (If you want to go to the concert, Ill get you a ticket.) Other conditional expressions A. unless + affirmative verb is similar to if + negative verb: Unless I hurry, Ill miss my bus. (If I dont hurry, Ill miss my bus.) B. otherwise means if we dont do this / if he didnt do this / if I hadnt done this etc.: He must take the pills. Otherwise he wont get well. You had to be early. Otherwise you didnt get a seat. We took a taxi. Otherwise wed have missed the plane. C. provide (that) means on condition that and emphasizes a restriction: You can park here, provided you leave before six. D. if + auxiliary An auxiliary can represent a previously mentioned verb (+ phrase): Do you want to eat out? If you do, lets book a table. Instead of If you do above, we could say If so, and instead of If you cant we could say If not. E. if so / not so or not here can represent a previously mentioned clause: Do you want this job? If so (= If you do), you can have it. If not (= If you dont), Ill offer it to Ann. in case and if A. in case clauses and if-clauses appear similar, but they are not the same. An in case clause gives the reason for the action in the main clause: 1. She doesnt let the little boy play by the river in case he falls in (She is afraid that he will fall in.) Similar in the past: 2. She didnt let him play by the river in case he fell in. (She was afraid that he would fall in.) B. Note that after in case in (1) above we use the present, not a future tense, and that in (2) we use the past, not the conditional. Compare: 1. Ill give him another blanket in case he is cold AND 2. Ill give him another blanket if he is cold. In 1 she will give him the extra blanket. We could omit the in case clause without changing the meaning. In 2 she will give him the extra blanket only if he needs it. The first action depends on the second. We cannot omit the if-clause without changing the meaning. D. in case of + noun is, however, similar to an if-clause: In case of fire... (If a fire breaks out.. We see this chiefly in notices: In case of fire, break this glass. Exercise Conditional sentences: mixed types Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. 1- Ive hung out the clothes. Its lovely and sunny; if it (stay) like this they (be) dry in two hours. 2- French is essential in this job. All the telephonists speak it. If they (not know) French they (not understand) half the callers. 3- How did you do in the car rally? We came in last actually; but only because we got lost. If we (not got) lost we (come) in somewhere in the middle. We certainly (not be) last. 4- I wasnt really surprised that we got lost because I knew that the navigator couldnt map-read. But if you (know) that why you (take) him as navigator? 5 -This flat would be all right if the people above us (not be) so noisy. 6- A group of spectators, including myself, left the stand just before the end of the game. When we were half way down the stairs a goal was scored and there was a great cheer from the spectators. If there (not be) a goal the crowd (not cheer). 7- If the crowd (not cheer) we (not run) back up the stairs to see what had happened. 8- If we (not run) back we (not crash) into the rest of the spectators on their way down, and there (not be) this frightful accident. 9- If the pain (return) youd better take another pill. 10- If you arent going to live in the house why you (not sell) it? If I (have) a house I couldnt use I (sell) it at once. 11- No, I didnt know any Russian at that time. But if you (not know) Russian why you (offer) to give him Russian lessons? Because I knew that he (refuse). He always rejected my offers. 12- Tell him to bring his bicycle inside. If he (leave) it outside someone (steal) it. 13- Why do people always wear dark clothes at night? If pedestrians (wear) light coloured clothes drivers (see) them much more easily. 14- She must have loved him very much because she waited for him for fifteen years. If she (not love) him she (not wait) so long. 15- He looked so small and weak that nobody asked him to do anything. If he (look) strong he (be) expected to dig all day like everyone else. 16 -The government are talking of pulling the village down to make room for an airport. If they (start) doing it the village people (resist)? 17- If you are catching an early train tomorrow you (like) to have breakfast at 7.00? 18- Well have to break the ice on the pond; otherwise the ducks (not be able) to swim. And if they (not be able) to swim they (not be able) to get food. (Use can/could forms where possible.) 19 -When he left school he became a fisherman. His family didnt like it at all. They (be) much happier if he (become) a greengrocer like his father. 20 -They still say that if he (go) into the greengrocery business when he left school he (be) comfortably off now instead of being poor. 21- But he says that if he (have) his life again he (make) the same choice. 22- So many parcels and no baskets! If I (know) that we were going to buy so much I (bring) a basket. 23- No one bathes here. The water is heavily polluted. If you (bathe) in it you (be) ill for a fortnight. 24- I can hear the speaker all right but I wish I could see him too. If he (stand) on a barrel we all (see) him and that (be) much better. 25- Look at poor Tom trying to start his car by hand again! If I (be) Tom I (get) a new battery. 26 I expect youll see Jack at the lecture tonight. If you (do) you p-lease (remind) him about tomorrows meeting? 27- The headmaster decided that Peter was the culprit and expelled him from the school. A more intelligent man (realize) that Peter couldnt have been guilty. (If the headmaster had been more intelligent he . . . .) 28 -But I blame the real culprit even more. If he (admit) his guilt Peter (not be) expelled. 29 -The only thing I havent got is a balcony. If I (have) a balcony I (grow) plants in pots. Then my flat (be) perfect! 30- Jack rang while you were out. Oh dear! If I (know) he was going to ring I (stay) at home. 31- My unmarried friends are always telling me how to bring up my children. I sometimes think that if they (have) children they (make) just as many mistakes as I do. 32 -(At a cinema) Ann: Dont worry. They get married in the end. Mary: Then youve seen it before If you (tell) me that we (go) to something else! 33 -Be careful about the time. If you (spend) too long on the first question you (not have) enough time to do the others properly. 34- We had a lot of trouble putting the tent up. If it (not be) so windy perhaps it (not be) quite so difficult. 35- Ann (sitting beside her open fire): I love open fires; if I (have) nothing but a radiator to sit beside I (get) quite depressed. 36- Lucy, a student at a residential college: Couldnt I leave the hostel and get a flat, mother? Answer Conditionnel sentences: mixed types Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. 1- Ive hung out the clothes. Its lovely and sunny; if it stays like this they will be dry in two hours. 2- French is essential in this job. All the telephonists speak it. If they didn’t know French they wouldn’t understand half the callers. 3- How did you do in the car rally? We came in last actually; but only because we got lost. If we hadn’t got lost we would have come in somewhere in the middle. We certainly wouldn’t have been last. 4- I wasnt really surprised that we got lost because I knew that the navigator couldnt map-read. But if you knew that why didn’t you take him as navigator? 5 -This flat would be all right if the people above us were not so noisy. 6- A group of spectators, including myself, left the stand just before the end of the game. When we were half way down the stairs a goal was scored and there was a great cheer from the spectators. If there hadn’t been a goal the crowd would not have cheered. 7- If the crowd hadn’t cheered we wouldn’t have run back up the stairs to see what had happened. 8- If we hadn’t run back we would not have crashed into the rest of the spectators on their way down, and there wouldn’t have been this frightful accident. 9- If the pain returns youd better take another pill. 10- If you arent going to live in the house why don’t you sell it? If I had a house I couldnt use I would sell it at once. 11- No, I didnt know any Russian at that time. But if you didn’t know Russian why did you offer to give him Russian lessons?Because I knew that he would refused. He always rejected my offers. 12- Tell him to bring his bicycle inside. If he leaves it outside someone will steal it. 13- Why do people always wear dark clothes at night? If pedestrians wore light coloured clothes drivers would see them much more easily. 14- She must have loved him very much because she waited for him for fifteen years. If she had not loved him she would not have waited so long. 15- He looked so small and weak that nobody asked him to do anything. If he had looked strong he would have been expected to dig all day like everyone else. 16 -The government are talking of pulling the village down to make room for an airport. If they start doing it, will the village people resist? 17- If you are catching an early train tomorrow you would you like to have breakfast 7.00? 18- Well have to break the ice on the pond; otherwise the ducks will not be able to swim. And if they cannot swim they cannot get food. (Use can/could forms where possible.) 19 -When he left school he became a fisherman. His family didnt like it at all. They would have been much happier if he had become a greengrocer like his father. 20 -They still say that if he had gone into the greengrocery business when he left school he would have been comfortably off now instead of being poor. 21- But he says that if he had his life again he would make the same choice. 22- So many parcels and no baskets! If I had known that we were going to buy so much I would have brought a basket. 23- No one bathes here. The water is heavily polluted. If you bathed in it you would be ill for a fortnight. 24- I can hear the speaker all right but I wish I could see him too. If he stood on a barrel we would all see him and that would be much better. 25- Look at poor Tom trying to start his car by hand again! If I were Tom I would get a new battery. 26 I expect youll see Jack at the lecture tonight. If you do you please remind him (would you please remind him) about tomorrows meeting? 27- The headmaster decided that Peter was the culprit and expelled him from the school. A more intelligent man would have realized that Peter couldnt have been guilty. (If the headmaster had been more intelligent he . . . .) 28 -But I blame the real culprit even more. If he had admitted his guilt Peter would not have been expelled. 29 -The only thing I havent got is a balcony. If I had a balcony I would grow plants in pots. Then my flat would be perfect! 30- Jack rang while you were out. Oh dear! If I had known he was going to ring I would have stayed at home. 31- My unmarried friends are always telling me how to bring up my children. I sometimes think that if they had children they would make just as many mistakes as I do. 32 -(At a cinema) Ann: Dont worry. They get married in the end. Mary: Then youve seen it before If you have told me that we would have gone to something else! 33 -Be careful about the time. If you spend too long on the first question you will not have enough time to do the others properly. 34- We had a lot of trouble putting the tent up. If it hadn’t been so windy perhaps it wouldn’t have been( might have been) quite so difficult. 35- Ann (sitting beside her open fire): I love open fires; if I have nothing but a radiator to sit beside I would get quite depressed.36- Lucy, a student at a residential college: Couldnt I leave the hostel and get a flat, mother? Your mark: 100 /100
Posted on: Thu, 30 Jan 2014 23:15:41 +0000
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