read and understand hoz in all humans aninals mind inthe world..............!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Telekinesis redirects here. For other uses, see Telekinesis (disambiguation). This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (October 2014) Artist conception of alleged spontaneous psychokinesis from 1911 French magazine La Vie Mysterieuse. [show]Part of a series of articles on the paranormal Psychokinesis (Greek ψυχή κίνησις, mind movement),[1][2] or telekinesis[3] (τῆλε κίνησις, distance movement),[4] is an alleged psychic ability allowing a person to influence a physical system without physical interaction.[5][6][7] Psychokinesis and telekinesis are sometimes abbreviated as PK and TK respectively.[8] Examples of psychokinesis could include moving an object and levitation.[9][10] There is no conclusive evidence that psychokinesis is a real phenomenon.[11][12][13][14] PK experiments have historically been criticized for lack of proper controls and repeatability.[13][15][16][17] Furthermore, some experiments have created illusions of PK where none exists, and these illusions depend to an extent on the subjects prior belief in PK.[18][19] Contents 1 Etymology 2 Belief 2.1 Subsets of psychokinesis 2.2 Notable claimants of psychokinetic ability 2.3 Psychics 2.4 Metal bending 2.5 In popular culture 3 Reception 3.1 Evaluation 3.2 Physics 3.3 Explanations in terms of bias 3.4 Magic and special effects 3.5 Prize money for proof of psychokinesis 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Etymology The word psychokinesis, a portmanteau of the Greek language words ψυχή (psyche), meaning mind, soul, spirit, or breath; and κίνησις (kinesis), meaning motion, movement,[1][2] was coined in 1914 by American author Henry Holt in his book On the Cosmic Relations[20][21][22] and was later used by American parapsychologist J. B. Rhine in 1934 in connection with experiments that were conducted to determine if a person could influence the outcome of falling dice.[8][23] The word telekinesis, a portmanteau of the Greek language words τῆλε (tēle), meaning distance, and κίνησις (kinesis), meaning motion,[4] was coined in 1890 by Russian psychical researcher Alexander N. Aksakof.[24][25] Psychokinesis is used within parapsychology, fictional universes and New Age beliefs to describe the mental influence of physical systems and objects[5][6][7] while telekinesis is used to refer to the mental movement and levitation of physical objects.[26][27] Belief In September 2006, a survey about belief in various religious and paranormal topics conducted by phone and mail-in questionnaire polled 1,721 Americans on their belief in telekinesis. Of these participants, 28% of male participants and 31% of female participants selected agree or strongly agree with the statement It is possible to influence the world through the mind alone.[28] In April 2008, British psychologist and skeptic Richard Wiseman published the results of an online survey he conducted entitled Magicians and the Paranormal: A Survey, in which 400 magicians worldwide participated. For the question Do you believe that psychokinesis exists (i.e., that some people can, by paranormal means, apply a noticeable force to an object or alter its physical characteristics)?, the results were as follows: No 83.5%, Yes 9%, Uncertain 7.5%.[29] Subsets of psychokinesis Psychokinesis is used by parapsychologists and science fiction writers as an umbrella term to cover a number of psychic abilities including telekinesis,[26] psychic healing,[7][30] influencing events,[30] the nuclear transmutation of matter,[citation needed] and pyrokinesis.[citation needed] Parapsychologists divide psychokinetic phenomenon into two categories: Macro-PK, which are large-scale psychokinetic effects that can be seen with the naked eye, (such as the levitation/movement of objects and metal bending), and Micro-PK, which are small-scale psychokinetic effects that involve the movement of molecules and atoms and require the use of statistics to detect them, (such as influencing the output of a random number generator).[7][30] Notable claimants of psychokinetic ability Eusapia Palladino levitates a table while researcher Alexander Aksakof (right) monitors for fraud, Milan, 1892. Spirit photography hoaxer Édouard Isidore Buguet[31] (1840-1901) of France fakes telekinesis in this 1875 cabinet card photograph titled Fluidic Effect. There have been claimants of psychokinetic ability throughout history. Angelique Cottin (ca. 1846) known as the Electric Girl of France was an alleged generator of PK activity. Cottin and her family claimed that she produced electric emanations that allowed her to move pieces of furniture and scissors across a room.[32] Frank Podmore wrote there were many observations which were suggestive of fraud such as the contact of the girls garments to produce any of the alleged phenomena and the observations from several witnesses that noticed there was a double movement on the part of Cottin, a movement in the direction of the object thrown and afterwards away from it but the movements being so rapid they were not usually detected.[32] Spiritualist mediums have also claimed psychokinetic abilities. Eusapia Palladino, an Italian medium, could allegedly cause objects to move during séances. However, she was caught levitating a table with her foot by the magician Joseph Rinn and using tricks to move objects by the psychologist Hugo Münsterberg.[33][34] The Polish medium Stanisława Tomczyk active in the early 20th century claimed to be able to perform various acts of telekinesis, such as levitating objects, by way of an entity she called Little Stasia.[35] A photograph of her taken in 1909 which shows a pair of scissors floating in between her hands is often found in books and other publications as an example of telekinesis.[36][37] Scientists suspected Tomczyk performed her feats by the use of a fine thread or hair, running between her hands to lift and suspend the objects in the air. This was confirmed when psychical researchers who tested Tomczyk occasionally observed the thread.[37][38][39] Many of Indias godmen have claimed macro-PK abilities and demonstrated apparently miraculous phenomena in public, although as more controls are put in place to prevent trickery, fewer phenomena are produced.[40] Magician William Marriott reveals the trick of the medium Stanisława Tomczyks levitation of a glass tumbler. Pearsons Magazine, June 1910 Annemarie Schaberl a 19-year old secretary was said to have telekinetic powers by the parapsychologist Hans Bender in the Rosenheim Poltergeist case in the 1960s. Magicians and scientists who investigated the case suspected the phenomena were produced by trickery.[41][42] Swami Rama, a yogi skilled in controlling his heart functions, was studied at the Menninger Foundation in the spring and fall of 1970, and was alleged by some observers at the foundation to have telekinetically moved a knitting needle twice from a distance of five feet.[43] Although Swami Rama wore a face-mask and gown to prevent allegations that he moved the needle with his breath or body movements, and air vents in the room had been covered, at least one physician observer who was present at the time was not convinced and expressed the opinion that air movement was somehow the cause.[44] Psychics The Russian psychic Nina Kulagina came to wide public attention following the publication of Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeders best seller, Psychic Discoveries Behind The Iron Curtain. The alleged Soviet psychic of the late 1960s and early 1970s was filmed apparently performing telekinesis while seated in numerous black-and-white short films.[45] She was also mentioned in the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency report from 1978.[46] Magicians and skeptics have argued that Kulaginas feats could easily be performed by one practiced in sleight of hand, through means such as cleverly concealed or disguised threads, small pieces of magnetic metal, or mirrors.[47][48][49][50] James Hydrick, an American martial arts expert and psychic, was famous for his alleged psychokinetic ability to turn the pages of books and make pencils spin around while placed on the edge of a desk. It was later revealed by magicians that he achieved his feats by air currents.[51] The psychologist Richard Wiseman has written Hydrick learnt to move objects by blowing in a highly deceptive and skillful way.[52] Hydrick confessed to Dan Korem that all of his feats were tricks My whole idea behind this in the first place was to see how dumb America was. How dumb the world is.[53] The British psychic Matthew Manning was the subject of laboratory research in the United States and England involving PK in the late 1970s and today claims healing powers.[45][54] Magicians John Booth and Henry Gordon have suspected Manning used trickery to perform his feats.[55][56] In 1971, an American psychic named Felicia Parise allegedly moved a pill bottle across a kitchen counter by psychokinesis. Her feats were endorsed by the parapsychologist Charles Honorton. Science writer Martin Gardner wrote Parise had bamboozled Honorton by moving the bottle by an invisible thread stretched between her hands.[50][57] Boris Ermolaev a Russian psychic was known for levitating small objects. His methods were exposed on the World of Discovery documentary Secrets of the Russian Psychics (1992). Ermolaev would sit on a chair and allegedly move the objects between his knees but due to the lighting conditions a fine thread fixed between his knees suspending the objects was observed by the camera crew.[48] The Russian psychic Alla Vinogradova was said to be able to move objects without touching them on transparent acrylic plastic or a plexiglass sheet. The parapsychologist Stanley Krippner had observed Vinogradova rub an aluminum tube before moving it allegedly by psychokinesis. Krippner suggested no psychokinesis was involved; the effect was produced by an electrostatic charge. Vinogradova was featured in the Nova documentary Secrets of the Psychics (1993) which followed James Randis work.[48] Vinogradova demonstrated her alleged psychokinetic abilities on camera for Randi and other investigators. Before the experiments she was observed combing her hair and rubbing the surface of the acrylic plastic. Massimo Polidoro has replicated the feats of Vinogradova by using an acrylic plastic surface and showing how easy it is to move any kind of object on top of it due to the charges of static electricity. The effect is easily achieved if the surface is electrically charged by rubbing a towel or a hand on it.[48] The physicist John Taylor has written It is very likely that electrostatics is all that is needed to explain Alla Vinogradovas apparently paranormal feats.[58] Metal bending See also: Spoon bending Uri Geller was famous for his spoon bending demonstrations. Psychics have also claimed the psychokinetic ability to bend metal. Uri Geller was famous for his spoon bending demonstrations, allegedly by PK.[45] Geller has been caught many times using sleight of hand and according to science writer Terence Hines, all his effects have been recreated using conjuring tricks.[59][60] The French psychic Jean-Pierre Girard has claimed he can bend metal bars by PK. Girard was tested in the 1970s but failed to produce any paranormal effects in scientifically controlled conditions.[61] He was tested on January 19, 1977 during a two-hour experiment in a Paris laboratory. The experiment was directed by the physicist Yves Farge with a magician also present. All of the experiments were negative as Girard failed to make any of the objects move paranormally. He failed two tests in Grenoble in June 1977 with the magician James Randi.[61] He was also tested on September 24, 1977 at a laboratory at the Nuclear Research Centre. Girard failed to bend any bars or change the structure of the metals. Other experiments into spoon bending were also negative and witnesses described his feats as fraudulent. Girard later admitted that he would sometimes cheat to avoid disappointing the public but insisted he still had genuine psychic power.[61] Magicians and scientists have written that he produced all his alleged psychokinetic feats through fraudulent means.[59][62] Stephen North, a British psychic in the late 1970s, was known for his alleged psychokinetic ability to bend spoons and teleport objects in and out of sealed containers. The British physicist John Hasted tested North in a series of experiments which he claimed had demonstrated psychokinesis, though his experiments were criticized for lack of scientific controls.[63][64] North was tested in Grenoble on 19 December 1977 in scientific conditions and the results were negative.[61] According to James Randi during a test at Birkbeck College North was observed to have bent a metal sample with his bare hands. Randi wrote I find it unfortunate that [Hasted] never had an epiphany in which he was able to recognize just how thoughtless, cruel, and predatory were the acts perpetrated on him by fakers who took advantage of his naivety and trust.[65] PK Parties were a cultural fad in the 1980s, begun by Jack Houck,[66] where groups of people were guided through rituals and chants to awaken metal-bending powers. They were encouraged to shout at the items of cutlery they had brought and to jump and scream to create an atmosphere of pandemonium (or what scientific investigators called heightened suggestibility). Critics were excluded and participants were told to avoid looking at their hands. Thousands of people attended these emotionally charged parties, and many became convinced that they had bent silverware by paranormal means.[67] PK parties have been described as a campaign from paranormal believers to convince people through the basis of nonscientific data that psychokinesis exists from personal experience and testimony. The United States National Academy of Sciences has criticized PK parties as the conditions are not reliable for obtaining scientific results and are just those which psychologists and others have described as creating states of heightened suggestibility.[67] Ronnie Marcus, an Israeli psychic and claimant of psychokinetic metal bending, was tested in 1994 in scientifically controlled conditions and failed to produce any paranormal phenomena.[68] According to magicians, his alleged psychokinetic feats were sleight of hand tricks. Marcus bent a letter opener by the concealed application of force and a frame-by-frame analysis of video showed that he bent a spoon from pressure from his thumb by ordinary, physical means.[69][70] In popular culture Psychokinesis and telekinesis have commonly been used as superpowers in movies, television, computer games , literature, and other forms of popular culture.[71][72][73] Notable portrayals of psychokinetic and/or telekinetic characters include the Teleks in the 1952 novella Telek,[74] Sissy Spacek as the title character in the 1976 film Carrie,[75] Ellen Burstyn in the 1980 healer-themed film Resurrection,[76] the Jedi and Sith in the Star Wars franchise,[77] the Scanners in the 1981 film Scanners,[78] and three high school seniors in the 2012 film Chronicle.[79] Reception Evaluation There is a broad scientific consensus that PK research, and parapsychology more generally, have not produced a reliable, repeatable demonstration.[12][16][17][67][80][81] A panel commissioned by the United States National Research Council to study paranormal claims concluded that despite a 130-year record of scientific research on such matters, our committee could find no scientific justification for the existence of phenomena such as extrasensory perception, mental telepathy or ‘mind over matter’ exercises... Evaluation of a large body of the best available evidence simply does not support the contention that these phenomena exist.[80] In 1984, the United States National Academy of Sciences, at the request of the US Army Research Institute, formed a scientific panel to assess the best evidence from 130 years of parapsychology. Part of its purpose was to investigate military applications of PK, for example to remotely jam or disrupt enemy weaponry. The panel heard from a variety of military staff who believed in PK and made visits to the PEAR laboratory and two other laboratories that had claimed positive results from micro-PK experiments. The panel criticized macro-PK experiments for being open to deception by conjurors, and said that virtually all micro-PK experiments depart from good scientific practice in a variety of ways. Their conclusion, published in a 1987 report, was that there was no scientific evidence for the existence of psychokinesis.[67] Carl Sagan included telekinesis in a long list of offerings of pseudoscience and superstition which it would be foolish to accept (...) without solid scientific data.[82] Nobel Prize laureate Richard Feynman advocated a similar position.[83] Felix Planer a Professor of electrical engineering has written that if psychokinesis was real then it would be easy to demonstrate by getting subjects to depress a scale on a sensitive balance, raise the temperature of a waterbath which could be measured with an accuracy of a hundredth of a degree centigrade or affect an element in an electrical circuit such as a resistor which could be monitored to better than a millionth of an ampere.[84] Planer writes that such experiments are extremely sensitive and easy to monitor but are not utilized by parapsychologists as they do not hold out the remotest hope of demonstrating even a minute trace of PK because the alleged phenomenon is non-existent. Planer has written parapsychologists have to fall back on studies that involve only statistics that are unrepeatable, owing their results to poor experimental methods, recording mistakes and faulty statistical mathematics.[84] According to Planer All research in medicine and other sciences would become illusionary, if the existence of PK had to be taken seriously; for no experiment could be relied upon to furnish objective results, since all measurements would become falsified to a greater or lesser degree, according to his PK ability, by the experimenters wishes. Planer concluded the concept of psychokinesis is absurd and has no scientific basis.[85] PK hypotheses have also been considered in a number of contexts outside parapsychological experiments. C. E. M. Hansel has written a general objection against the claim for the existence of psychokinesis is that, if it were a real process, its effects would be expected to manifest in situations in everyday life but no such effects have been observed.[86] Martin Gardner has written that if psychokinesis existed then one would expect players to be able to influence the outcome of gambling games.[87] He gives the example of the 26 dice game played in bars and cabarets in Chicago but year after year the house takings are exactly those predicted by chance.[88] Casino owners have not noted any decrease in profits.[89] Science writer Terence Hines and the philosopher Theodore Schick have written if psychokinesis was possible, then surely one would expect casino incomes to be affected but the earnings are exactly as the laws of chance predict.[90][91] Psychologist Nicholas Humphrey argues that many experiments in psychology, biology or physics assume that the intentions of the subjects or experimenter do not physically distort the apparatus. Humphrey counts them as implicit replications of PK experiments in which PK fails to appear.[17] Physics The ideas of psychokinesis and telekinesis violate several well-established laws of physics, including the inverse square law, the second law of thermodynamics, and the conservation of momentum;[80][92] because of this, scientists have demanded a high standard of evidence for PK, in line with Marcello Truzzis dictum Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof.[17][93] When apparent PK can be produced in ordinary ways — by trickery, special effects or by poor experimental design — scientists accept that explanation as more parsimonious than to accept that the laws of physics should be rewritten.[14][16] Philosopher and physicist Mario Bunge has written that psychokinesis, or PK, violates the principle that mind cannot act directly on matter. (If it did, no experimenter could trust his readings of measuring instruments.) It also violates the principles of conservation of energy and momentum. The claim that quantum mechanics allows for the possibility of mental power influencing randomizers — an alleged case of micro-PK — is ludicrous since that theory respects the said conservation principles, and it deals exclusively with physical things.[94] Physicist John Taylor who has investigated parapsychological claims has written an unknown fifth force causing psychokinesis would have to transmit a great deal of energy. The energy would have to overcome the electromagnetic forces binding the atoms together. The atoms would need to respond more strongly to the fifth force while it is operative than to electric forces. Such an additional force between atoms should therefore exist all the time and not during only alleged paranormal occurrences. Taylor wrote there is no scientific trace of such a force in physics, down to many orders of magnitude; thus if a scientific viewpoint is to be preserved the idea of any fifth force must be discarded. Taylor concluded there is no possible physical mechanism for psychokinesis and it is in complete contradiction to established science.[95] In 1979, Evan Harris Walker and Richard Mattuck published a parapsychology paper proposing a quantum explanation for psychokinesis. Physicist Victor J. Stenger wrote that their explanation contained assumptions, not supported by any scientific evidence. According to Stenger their paper is filled with impressive looking equations and calculations that give the appearance of placing psychokinesis on a firm scientific footing... Yet look what they have done. They have found the value of one unknown number (wavefunction steps) that gives one measured number (the supposed speed of PK-induced motion). This is numerology, not science.[96] Physicist Sean M. Carroll has written that spoons, like all matter, are made up of atoms and that any movement of a spoon with the mind would involve the manipulation of those atoms through the four forces of nature: strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, electromagnetic, and gravitational; which would make psychokinesis either some form of one of the aforementioned four forces or a new force that has a billionth the strength of gravity, otherwise it would have been captured in experiments already done, thus leaving no physical force that could possibly account for psychokinesis.[97] Physicist Robert L. Park has found it suspicious that a phenomenon should only ever appear at the limits of detectability of questionable statistical techniques. He cites this feature as one of Irving Langmuirs indicators of pathological science.[81] Park questioned if mind really could influence matter then it would be easy for parapsychologists to measure such a phenomenon by using the alleged psychokinetic power to deflect a microbalance which would not require any dubious statistics but the reason, of course, is that the microbalance stubbornly refuses to budge. Park has suggested the reason statistical studies are so popular in parapsychology is because they introduce opportunities for uncertainty and error which are used to support the biases of the experimenter.[81] Explanations in terms of bias Cognitive bias research has suggested that people are susceptible to illusions of PK. These include both the illusion that they themselves have the power, and that events they witness are real demonstrations of PK.[98] For example, Illusion of control is an illusory correlation between intention and external events, and believers in the paranormal have been shown to be more susceptible to this illusion than others.[18][99] Psychologist Thomas Gilovich explains this as a biased interpretation of personal experience. For example, to someone in a dice game willing for a high score, high numbers can be interpreted as success and low numbers as not enough concentration.[80] Bias towards belief in PK may be an example of the human tendency to see patterns where none exist, called the Clustering illusion, which believers are also more susceptible to.[98] A 1952 study tested for experimenters bias with respect to psychokinesis. Richard Kaufman of Yale University gave subjects the task of trying to influence eight dice and allowed them to record their own scores. They were secretly filmed, so their records could be checked for errors. Believers in psychokinesis made errors that favored its existence, while disbelievers made opposite errors. A similar pattern of errors was found in J. B. Rhines dice experiments, which at that time were considered the strongest evidence for PK.[100] In 1995, Wiseman and Morris showed subjects an unedited videotape of a magicians performance in which a fork bent and eventually broke. Believers in the paranormal were significantly more likely to misinterpret the tape as a demonstration of PK, and were more likely to misremember crucial details of the presentation. This suggests that confirmation bias affects peoples interpretation of PK demonstrations.[19] Psychologist Robert Sternberg cites confirmation bias as an explanation of why belief in psychic phenomena persists, despite the lack of evidence: Some of the worst examples of confirmation bias are in research on parapsychology (...) Arguably, there is a whole field here with no powerful confirming data at all. But people want to believe, and so they find ways to believe.[101] Psychologist Daniel Wegner has argued that an introspection illusion contributes to belief in psychokinesis.[102] He observes that in everyday experience, intention (such as wanting to turn on a light) is followed by action (such as flicking a light switch) in a reliable way, but the underlying neural mechanisms are outside awareness. Hence, though subjects may feel that they directly introspect their own free will, the experience of control is actually inferred from relations between the thought and the action. This theory of apparent mental causation acknowledges the influence of David Humes view of the mind.[102] This process for detecting when one is responsible for an action is not totally reliable, and when it goes wrong there can be an illusion of control. This could happen when an external event follows, and is congruent with, a thought in someones mind, without an actual causal link.[102] As evidence, Wegner cites a series of experiments on magical thinking in which subjects were induced to think they had influenced external events. In one experiment, subjects watched a basketball player taking a series of free throws. When they were instructed to visualize him making his shots, they felt that they had contributed to his success.[103] A 2006 meta-analysis of 380 studies found a small positive effect that can be explained by publication bias.[104] Magic and special effects An advertising poster depicting magician Harry Kellar performing the Levitation of Princess Karnac illusion, 1894, U.S. Library of Congress. See also: Mentalism Magicians have successfully simulated some of the specialized abilities of psychokinesis, such as object movement, spoon bending, levitation and teleportation.[105] According to Robert Todd Carroll, there are many impressive magic tricks available to amateurs and professionals to simulate psychokinetic powers.[106] Metal objects such as keys or cutlery can be bent using a number of different techniques, even if the performer has not had access to the items beforehand.[107] According to Richard Wiseman there are a number of ways for faking psychokinetic metal bending (PKMB). These include switching straight objects for pre-bent duplicates, the concealed application of force, and secretly inducing metallic fractures.[108] Research has also suggested that (PKMB) effects can be created by verbal suggestion. On this subject the magician Ben Harris wrote: If you are doing a really convincing job, then you should be able to put a bent key on the table and comment, ‘Look, it is still bending’, and have your spectators really believe that it is. This may sound the height of boldness; however, the effect is astounding – and combined with suggestion, it does work.[109] Between 1979 and 1981, the McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research at Washington University reported a series of experiments they named Project Alpha, in which two teenaged male subjects had demonstrated PK phenomena (including metal-bending and causing images to appear on film) under less than stringent laboratory conditions. James Randi eventually revealed that the subjects were two of his associates, amateur conjurers Steve Shaw and Michael Edwards. The pair had created the effects by standard trickery, but the researchers, being unfamiliar with magic techniques, interpreted them as proof of PK.[110] Prize money for proof of psychokinesis Main article: List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal Internationally there are individual skeptics of the paranormal and skeptics organizations who offer cash prize money for demonstration of the existence of an extraordinary psychic power, such as psychokinesis.[111] Prizes have been offered specifically for PK demonstrations, for example businessman Gerald Flemings offer of £250,000 to Uri Geller if he can bend a spoon under controlled conditions.[112] These prizes remain uncollected by people claiming to possess paranormal abilities. The James Randi Educational Foundation offers the One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge to anyone who claims to be able to produce a paranormal event in a controlled, mutually agreed upon experiment.[113] To date no one has been able to demonstrate their claimed abilities under the testing conditions.[114] See also List of topics characterized as pseudoscience Energy (esotericism) Global Consciousness Project List of psychic abilities Magical thinking Mind over matter Psi Human magnetism Telepathy Torsion field References Random House (2005-07-12). Random House Websters Unabridged Dictionary. Boston, Massachusetts: Random House Reference. p. 1560. ISBN 978-0-375-42599-8. OCLC 48010385. psycho-, a combining form representing psyche in compound words. ... (Gk, comb. form of psyche breath, spirit, soul, mind; akin to psycheim to blow). Erin McKean, [principal editor]., ed. (2005-04-08). The New Oxford American Dictionary. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 1367. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 41-42 Christopher, Milbourne. (1979). Search for the Soul. T. Y. Crowell. p. 47 Hansel, C. E. M. (1989). The Search for Psychic Power: ESP and Parapsychology Revisited. Prometheus Books. p. 240 Fodor, Nandor. (1934). These Mysterious People. Rider. Chapter 21. Stanisława Tomczyk photo description at Diomedia. Retrieved November 18, 2013. Description page at a stock photo agency representing the Mary Evans Picture Library, where the date is also given as 1909. She visited the researcher in 1908 and 1909; hence, the exact year is uncertain and reported as 1908 elsewhere. Jinks, Tony (2011). An Introduction to the Psychology of Paranormal Belief and Experience. books.google (McFarland). ISBN 978-0786465446. Retrieved November 16, 2013. Carrington, Hereward (1990). The Story of Psychic Science (psychical research). Kila, MT: Kessinger Pub. Co. p. 136. ISBN 978-1564592590. Wolman, Benjamin B. (1977). Handbook of Parapsychology. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 320. ISBN 978-0442295769. Wiseman, Richard (1997). Deception & Self-deception: Investigating Psychics. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-121-3. Chapters 6-8 Taylor, John (1980). Science and the Supernatural: An Investigation of Paranormal Phenomena Including Psychic Healing, Clairvoyance, Telepathy, and Precognition by a Distinguished Physicist and Mathematician. London: T. Smith. pp. 107–108. ISBN 0-85117-191-5. Kendrick Frazier (1986). Science Confronts the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. pp. 35–. ISBN 978-1-61592-619-0. Green, Elmer; Alyce Green (1977). Beyond Biofeedback. Knoll Publishing Co. pp. 197–218. ISBN 978-0-440-00583-4. Beyond Biofeedback (PDF). pp. 12–16. Retrieved July 24, 2007. |chapter= ignored (help) Elmer Greens description of Swami Ramas alleged psychokinetic demonstration (with illustrations). Berger, Arthur S.; Berger, Joyce (February 1991). The Encyclopedia of Parapsychological and Psychical Research. New York: Paragon House. pp. 326, 341, 430. ISBN 978-1-55778-043-0. Paraphysics R&D - Warsaw Pact (U). Prepared by U.S. Air Force, Air Force Systems Command Foreign Technology Division. DST-1810S-202-78, Nr. DIA TASK NO. PT-1810-18-76. Defense Intelligence Agency. 30 March 1978. pp. 7–8. G.A. Sergevev is known to have studied Nina Kulagina, a well-known psychic from Leningrad. Although no detailed results are available, Sergevevs inferences are that she was successful in repeating psychokinetic phenomena under controlled conditions. G.A. Sergevev is a well-respected researcher and has been active in paraphysics research since the early 1960s. James Randi Educational Foundation — An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural. Randi.org. Retrieved 2014-03-17. Secrets of a Russian Psychic. Cicap.org. Retrieved 2014-03-14. Couttie, Bob (1988). Forbidden Knowledge: The Paranormal Paradox. Cambridge: Lutterworth. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-7188-2686-4. Stein, Gordon (1996). The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal (2, [print] ed.). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 384. ISBN 978-1573920216. Regal, Brian (2009). Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-313-35507-3. Wiseman, Richard (2011). Paranormality: Why We See What Isnt There. London: Macmillan. pp. 81–95. ISBN 978-0-230-75298-6. Korem, Dan (1988). Powers: Testing the Psychic & Supernatural. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press. p. 149. ISBN 0-8308-1277-6. editor in chief, Richard Cavendish; editorial board, C.A. Burland ... [et al.] ; new edition edited and compiled by Richard Cavendish and Brian Innes.; Brian Innes (1995) [1970]. Man, Myth & Magic: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mythology, Religion, and the Unknown. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. p. 2442. ISBN 978-1-85435-731-1. OCLC 228665658. Spiritualism aroused violent antagonism and criticism concentrating particularly on the physical phenomena occurring at seances, which opponents claimed were faked. Page 1626, v. 12: entry on Matthew Manning. Booth, John (1986). Psychic Paradoxes. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. pp. 12–57. ISBN 0-87975-358-7. Gordon, Henry (1988). Extrasensory Deception: ESP, Psychics, Shirley MacLaine, Ghosts, UFOs (Canadian ed. ed.). Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. pp. 101–102. ISBN 0-7715-9539-5. Frazier, Kendrick (1991). The Hundredth Monkey and Other Paradigms of the Paranormal: a Skeptical Inquirer Collection. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-87975-655-0. Taylor, John (1980). Science and the Supernatural: An Investigation of Paranormal Phenomena Including Psychic Healing, Clairvoyance, Telepathy, and Precognition by a Distinguished Physicist and Mathematician. London: T. Smith. p. 103. ISBN 0-85117-191-5. Alla does indeed use a certain amount of rubbing, both of her hands, which she then places near the object to be moved, and of the plastic tabletop. This latter would be a particularly good repository for electric charge, which could then be transferred to the various objects. These would then be repulsed by her charged hands. It is very likely that electrostatics is all that is needed to explain Alla Vinogradovas apparently paranormal feats. Randi, James (1982). The Truth About Uri Geller (Rev. ed. ed.). Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-199-1. Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (2nd ed.). Prometheus. pp. 126–130. ISBN 978-1-57392-979-0. New Scientist - Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. 1978-02-16. Retrieved 2014-03-11. Jones, Warren H.; Zusne, Leonard (1989). Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking (2nd ed. ed.). Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum. ISBN 0-8058-0508-7. Hasted, John (1981). The Metal-Benders. London [usw.]: Routledge & Paul. ISBN 0-7100-0597-0. Gardner, Martin (1991). The New Age: Notes of a Fringe watcher. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. pp. 28–29. ISBN 0-87975-644-6. Randi, James (1987). Flim-flam! : psychics, ESP, unicorns and other delusions (9. printing ed.). Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-198-3. George Brandt (Jack) Houck Obituary: View George Houcks Obituary by Los Angeles Times. Legacy. Retrieved 2014-04-18. Frazier, Kendrick (1990-12-31). Improving Human Performance: What About Parapsychology?. In Kendrick Frazier. The Hundredth Monkey and Other Paradigms of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. pp. 149–161. ISBN 978-0-87975-655-0. The Song Remains the Same. Randi.org. Retrieved 2014-03-13. Nickell, Joe. Mind Over Metal - CSI. Csicop.org. Retrieved 2014-03-13. Randis Geller Hotline for 1994: Ronnie at Berkeley. Mindspring. 1994-04-05. Retrieved 2014-03-13. Twenty Technologies That Can Give You Super Powers: Super Power: Psychokinesis - BusinessWeek. Images.businessweek. Retrieved 2014-04-11. Gresh, Lois H.; Weinberg, Robert (2002). The Science of Superheroes. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wile & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0471024606. Page 131: Every member of the X-Men had a code name that matched his or her super power. Thus, Archangel, Warren Worthington III, had wings and could fly. Cyclops, Scott Summers, shot deadly power beams from his eyes. Jean Grey, Marvel Girl, was a telekinetic and also a telepath. . . . CellFactor®: Psychokinetic Wars Game | PS3™ - PlayStation®. Us.playstation. 2014-01-22. Retrieved 2014-04-11. Vance, Jack (January 1952). Telek. Astounding Science Fiction. Carrie (1976) - Overview - MSN Movies. Movies.msn. Retrieved 2014-04-11. Resurrection (1980) - Awards & Nominations - MSN Movies. Movies.msn. Retrieved 2014-04-11. Windham, Ryder (2005, 2007, 2012). Star Wars: The Ultimate Visual Guide. New York City: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0-7566-9248-3. Check date values in: |date= (help) Page 19 Object Movement: Although such ability is commonly known as a Jedis object movement power, it is more accurately described as a manipulation of the Force — the energy field that surrounds and binds everything — to control the direction of objects through space. Jedi utilize this talent not only to push, pull, and lift objects, but also to redirect projectiles and guide their starships through combat. Page 21 Sith Powers [illustration caption]: Levitating his adversary and choking him in a telekinetic stranglehold, Dooku simultaneously relieves Vos of his lightsaber. Scanners. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2014-04-11. Movie review: Chronicle is smart about its telekinetic teens: - Los Angeles Times. Articles.latimes. 2012-02-03. Retrieved 2014-04-11. Gilovich, Thomas (1993). How We Know What Isnt So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life. Simon & Schuster. pp. 160, 169, 174, 175. ISBN 978-0-02-911706-4. Park, Robert L. (July 2002). Voodoo Science: The road from foolishness to fraud. Oxford University Press. pp. 198–200. ISBN 978-0-19-860443-3. Sagan, Carl (1995). The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a candle in the dark. Headline. pp. 208–212. ISBN 978-0-7472-7745-3. Feynman, Richard P. (1999-02-01). The Meaning of It All. Penguin. pp. 68–71. ISBN 978-0-14-027635-0. Planer, Felix E. (1988). Superstition. London: Cassell. p. 242. ISBN 0-304-30691-6. Planer, Felix E. (1988). Superstition. London: Cassell. p. 254. ISBN 0-304-30691-6. Hansel, C.E.M. (1980). ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Reevaluation (1ª ed. ed.). Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. pp. 196–198. ISBN 0-87975-119-3. Neher, Andrew (1990). The Psychology of Transcendence (2nd ed. ed.). New York: Dover. p. 171. ISBN 0-486-26167-0. Gardner, Martin (1957). Fads & Fallacies in the Name of Science. Dover. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-486-20394-2. Robert Scharff. (1968). The Las Vegas Experts Gambling Guide. Grosset & Dunlap. p. 26. Hurley, Patrick J. (2012). A Concise Introduction to Logic (11th ed. ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 635. ISBN 0840034172. Schick, Jr, Theodore (2010). How to Think about Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age (6th ed. ed.). Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill. p. 222. ISBN 007353577X. Gardner, Martin (September 1981). Einstein and ESP. In Kendrick Frazier. Paranormal Borderlands of Science. Prometheus. pp. 60–65. ISBN 978-0-87975-148-7. Sutherland, Stuart (1994). Irrationality: the enemy within. Penguin books. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-14-016726-9. [T]he movement of objects without the application of physical force would, if proven, require a complete revision of the laws of physics. (...) [T]he more improbable something is, the better the evidence needed to accept it Bunge, Mario (2001). Philosophy in Crisis :The Need for Reconstruction. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. p. 176. ISBN 1-57392-843-7. Taylor, John (1980). Science and the Supernatural: An Investigation of Paranormal Phenomena Including Psychic Healing, Clairvoyance, Telepathy, and Precognition by a Distinguished Physicist and Mathematician. London: T. Smith. pp. 27–30. ISBN 0-85117-191-5. Stenger, Victor J. (1990). Physics and Psychics: The Search for a World Beyond the Senses. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. pp. 248–250. ISBN 978-0-87975-575-1. Telekinesis and Quantum Field Theory : Cosmic Variance. Blogs.discovermagazine. 2008-02-18. Retrieved 2014-03-11. Blackmore, Susan J. (1992). Psychic Experiences: Psychic Illusions. Skeptical Inquirer 16: 367–376. Blackmore, Susan J.; Tom Trościanko (1985). Belief in the paranormal Probability judgements, illusory control, and the chance baseline shift.. British Journal of Psychology 76 (4): 459–468. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1985.tb01969.x. Gardner, Martin (1957). Fads & Fallacies in the Name of Science. Dover. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-486-20394-2. Sternberg, Robert J. (2007). Critical Thinking in Psychology: It really is critical. In Robert J. Sternberg, Henry L. Roediger, Diane F. Halpern. Critical Thinking in Psychology. Henry L. Roediger, Diane F. Halpern. Cambridge University Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-521-60834-3. Some of the worst examples of confirmation bias are in research on parapsychology (...) Arguably, there is a whole field here with no powerful confirming data at all. But people want to believe, and so they find ways to believe. John Baer; Wegner, Daniel M. (2008). Self is Magic. In John Baer, James C. Kaufman, Roy F. Baumeister. Are we free?: psychology and free will. James C. Kaufman, Roy F. Baumeister. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518963-6. Retrieved 2008-07-02. Pronin, Emily (2006). Daniel M. Wegner, Kimberly McCarthy, Sylvia Rodriguez. Everyday Magical Powers: The Role of Apparent Mental Causation in the Overestimation of Personal Influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (American Psychological Association) 91 (2): 218–231. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.218. ISSN 0022-3514. PMID 16881760. Retrieved 2009-07-03. Holger Bösch; Fiona Steinkamp; Emil Boller (July 2006). Examining psychokinesis: The interaction of human intention with random number generators--A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 132 (4): 497–523. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.4.497. PMID 16822162. Carruthers, Peter. (2004). The Nature of the Mind: An Introduction. Routledge. 135-136. Carroll, Robert Todd (2003-07-17). Psychokinesis. The Skeptics Dictionary: a collection of strange beliefs, amusing deceptions, and dangerous delusions. Wiley. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-471-27242-7. Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (2nd ed.). Prometheus. pp. 127–131. ISBN 978-1-57392-979-0. Wiseman, R. & Greening, E. (2005). Its still bending: Verbal suggestion and alleged psychokinetic ability. British Journal of Psychology 96: 115–127. Harris, Ben (1985). Gellerism Revealed: the Psychology and Methodology Behind the Geller Effect. Calgary: M. Hades International. pp. 195–196. ISBN 978-0919230927. Colman, Andrew M. (1987). Facts, Fallacies and Frauds in Psychology. Unwin Hyman. pp. 195–6. ISBN 978-0-09-173041-3. Randi $1,000,000 paranormal challenge - The Skeptics Dictionary. Skepdic. Retrieved 2014-04-12. Hutchinson, Mike (1988). A Thorn in Gellers Side. British and Irish Skeptic (July/August): 2–4. JREF’s $1,000,000 Paranormal Challenge Now Easier Than Ever. Randi.org. Retrieved 2014-04-12. Challenge Info. Randi.org. Retrieved 2014-04-12. For other uses, see Teleportation (disambiguation). Teleportation, or Teletransportation, is the theoretical transfer of matter or energy from one point to another without traversing the physical space between them. It is a common subject of science fiction literature, film, and television. Contents 1 Etymology 2 Fiction 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Etymology This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2014) The word teleportation was coined in 1931[1][2] by American writer Charles Fort to describe the strange disappearances and appearances of anomalies, which he suggested may be connected. He joined the Greek prefix tele- (meaning distant) to the Latin verb portare (meaning to carry).[citation needed] Forts first formal use of the word was in the second chapter of his 1931 book, Lo!: Mostly in this book I shall specialize upon indications that there exists a transportory force that I shall call Teleportation, commenting that, I shall be accused of having assembled lies, yarns, hoaxes, and superstitions. To some degree I think so myself. To some degree, I do not. I offer the data.[3] Fort also suggested that teleportation might explain various allegedly paranormal phenomena.[citation needed] The word teletransportation, which expands Forts abbreviated term, was first employed by Derek Parfit as part of a thought exercise on identity.[citation needed] Fiction Main article: Teleportation in fiction The earliest recorded story of a matter transmitter was Edward Page Mitchells The Man Without a Body in 1877.[4] The Star Trek transporter, which brought the concept of teleportation in everyones living room, two essential stages of the process are dematerialization and rematerialization; created in an era before any CGI was possible, the visual effects communicating these processes to the spectators were created by dropping tiny bits of aluminum foil and aluminum perchlorate powder against a black sheet of cardboard, and photographing them illuminated from the side by a bright light. [...] In the studio lab, after the film was developed, the actors were superimposed fading out and the fluttering aluminum fading in, or vice versa.[5] According to an informal survey carried out by Lawrence M. Krauss on his campus the number of people in the United States who would not recognize the phrase Beam me up, Scotty is roughly comparable to the number of people who have never heard of ketchup.[6] In his book, The Physics of Star Trek, after explaining the difference between transporting information and transporting the actual atoms, Krauss notes that The Star Trek writers seem never to have got it exactly clear what they want the transporter to do. Does the transporter send the atoms and the bits, or just the bits? He notes that according to the canon definition of the transporter the former seems to be the case, but that that definition is inconsistent with a number of applications, particularly incidents, involving the transporter, which appear to involve only a transport of information, for example the way in which it splits Kirk into two version in the episode The Enemy Within or the way in which Riker is similarly split in the episode Second Chances.[7] Krauss writes that in order to dematerialize something in order to achieve matter teleportation, the binding energy of the atoms and probably that of all its nuclei would have to be overcome. He notes that the binding energy of electrons around nuclei is minuscule relative to binding energy that hold nuclei together. He notes that if we were to heat up the nuclei to about 1000 billion degrees (about a million times hotter than the temperature at the core of the Sun), then not only would the quarks inside lose their binding energies but at around this temperature matter will suddenly lose almost all of its mass. Matter will turn into radiation—or, in the language of our transporter, matter will dematerialize. [...] In energy units, this implies providing about 10 percent of the rest mass of protons and neutrons in the form of heat. To heat up a sample the size of a human being to this level would require therefore, about 10 percent of the energy needed to annihilate the material—or the energy equivalent of a hundred 1-megaton hydrogen bombs. all humans mum dad iz GOD ATENNA ZUZ then jesus who is edwin mwangi na mum ni phibbii and all JAH family rules the world ............ MR CARTER MWENDAWAZIMU!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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