وكالعادة في كل يوم احد اقدم احد عظماء الموسيقى الكلاسيكية Antonin Dvorak Antonín Dvořák Antonín Leopold Dvořák (/ˈdvɔrʒɑːk/ DVOR-zhahk or /dɨˈvɔrʒæk/ di-VOR-zhak; Czech: [ˈantoɲiːn ˈlɛopolt ˈdvor̝aːk] ( listen); September 8, 1841 – May 1, 1904) was a Czech composer. Following the nationalist example of Bedřich Smetana, Dvořák frequently employed features of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia (then parts of the Austrian Empire and now constituting the Czech Republic). Dvořáks own style has been described as the fullest recreation of a national idiom with that of the symphonic tradition, absorbing folk influences and finding effective ways of using them.[1] Born in Nelahozeves, Dvořák displayed his musical gifts at an early age. His first surviving work, Forget-Me-Not Polka in C (Polka pomněnka) was written possibly as early as 1855.[2] He graduated from the organ school in Prague in 1859.[3] In the 1860s, he played as a violist in the Bohemian Provisional Theater Orchestra and taught piano lessons. In 1873, he married Anna Čermáková, and left the orchestra to pursue another career as a church organist. He wrote several compositions during this period. Dvořáks music attracted the interest of Johannes Brahms, who assisted his career; he was also supported by the critics Eduard Hanslick and Louis Ehlert. After the premiere of his cantata Stabat Mater (1880), Dvořák visited the United Kingdom and became popular there; his Seventh Symphony was written for London. After a brief conducting stint in Russia in 1890, Dvořák was appointed as a professor at the Prague Conservatory in 1891. In 1892, Dvořák moved to the United States and became the director of the National Conservatory of Music of America in New York City, where he also composed. However, shortfalls in payment of his salary, along with increasing recognition in Europe and an onset of homesickness made him decide to return to Bohemia. From 1895 until his death, he composed mainly operatic and chamber music. At his death, he left several unfinished works. Among Dvořáks best known works are his From The New World Symphony, the American String Quartet, the opera Rusalka and his Cello Concerto in B minor. Among his smaller works, the seventh Humoresque and the song Songs my mother taught me are also widely performed and recorded. He composed operas, choral music, a wide variety of chamber music, concerti and many other orchestral and vocal and instrumental pieces. He has been described as arguably the most versatile..poser of his time.[4] Birthhouse of Antonín Dvořák in Nelahozeves Dvořák was born in Nelahozeves, near Prague (then part of Bohemia in the Austrian Empire, now Czech Republic), the eldest son of František Dvořák (1814–1894) and his wife Anna, née Zdeňková (1820–1882).[5] František was an innkeeper, professional player of the zither, and a butcher. Anna was the daughter of Josef Zdeněk, the bailiff of Prince Lobkowitz.[6] Anna and František married on November 17, 1840.[7] Dvořák was the first of fourteen children, eight of whom survived infancy.[8] Dvořák was baptized as a Roman Catholic in the church of St. Andrew in the village. Dvořáks years in Nelahozeves nurtured the strong Christian faith and love for his Bohemian heritage that so strongly influenced his music.[9] In 1847, Dvořák entered primary school and learned to play violin from his teacher Joseph Spitz. František was pleased with his sons gifts. At the age of 13, through the influence of his father, Dvořák was sent to Zlonice to live with his uncle Antonín Zdenĕk in order to learn the German language. Contrary to the belief of some early biographers, Jarmil Burghauser demonstrated that the famous Butcher Certificate was a fake and that Dvořák never qualified to enter the butchering trade.[10] Antonín Dvořák in 1868 Dvořák took organ, piano and violin lessons from his German language teacher Anton Liehmann. Liehmann also taught the young boy music theory and was introduced to the composers of the time, for whom Dvořák gave much regard despite Liehmanns violent temper. Dvořák took further organ and music theory lessons with Franz Hanke at Česká Kamenice, who encouraged his musical talents even further and was more sympathetic. At the age of 16, through the urging of Liehmann and Zdenĕk, Dvořák was allowed by František to become a musician, on the condition that the young boy should build a career as an organist.[11] After leaving for Prague in September 1857, Dvořák entered the citys Organ School, studying organ with Josef Foerster, singing with Josef Zvonář and theory with František Blažek. He also took an additional language course to improve his German and worked as an extra in numerous bands and orchestras as a violist, including the orchestra of the St. Cecilia Society.[12] Dvořák graduated from the Organ School in 1859. He applied unsuccessfully as an organist at St. Henrys Church but was undaunted in pursuing a musical career.[13] In 1858, he joined Karel Komzáks orchestra, with whom he performed in Pragues restaurants and at balls.[14] The high professional level of the ensemble attracted the attention of Jan Nepomuk Maýr, who engaged the whole orchestra in the Bohemian Provisional Theater Orchestra. Dvořák played viola in the orchestra beginning in 1862. In July 1863, Dvořák played in a program devoted to the German composer Richard Wagner, who conducted the orchestra. In 1862, Dvořák had begun composing his first string quartet.[15] In 1864, Dvořák agreed to share the rent of a flat located in Pragues Žižkov district with five other people, who also included violinist Mořic Anger and Karel Čech, who later became a singer.[16][17] In 1866, Maýr was replaced as chief conductor by Bedřich Smetana.[18][19] Dvořák was making about $7.50 a month. The constant need to supplement his income pushed him to give piano lessons. It was through these piano lessons that he met his wife. He originally fell in love with his pupil and colleague from the Provisional Theater, Josefína Čermáková, for whom he apparently composed the song cycle Cypress Trees.[20] However, she never returned his love and ended up marrying another man. In 1873 Dvořák married Josefinas younger sister, Anna Čermáková (1854–1931). They had nine children together, three of whom died in infancy.
Posted on: Sun, 21 Sep 2014 10:21:47 +0000