Ashtavakra Gita, the Gospel of self-effacement By T.N.Sethumadhavan May 2010 All creatures see the whole of existence from their own perspective and gain different impressions on the same event or happening. What is good for one becomes bad for the other and vice versa, which gives rise to agony and suffering. But when this feeling of duality ceases to exist, one sees the same Self that is present and acting in all living beings, which makes the perceiver realize the truth; it confers on him the ability to penetrate the veil of relativity; it then makes him content and peaceful.- R.K.Gupta, ‘The Speaking Tree’, Times of India dated 15-05-2010. Introduction The Ashtavakra Gita conveys with beauty and simplicity the essential teachings of Advaita Vedanta. Composed by an anonymous master of the Advaita School, it is a book of practical advice for seekers of wisdom as well as an ecstatic expression of the experience of enlightenment coupled with the clarity and lyricism of the Sanskrit language. The Ashtavakra Gita or the Song of Ashtavakra, also known as Ashtavakra Samhita is a scripture which documents a dialogue between the teacher, Ashtavakra and the student, Janaka, the King of Mithila. This work was often quoted by Sri Ramakrishna, his disciple Swami Vivekananda and Bhagavan Ramana Maharshi. It was held in very high esteem by Dr Radhakrishnan and by modern thinkers like Osho and Sri Sri Ravi Shankar. The story of Ashtavakra occurs in the Vana Parva of Mahabharata. Ashtavakra means one who is deformed in eight places. His body got deformed in eight places due to a curse uttered by his father when Ashtavakra was still in the womb of his mother. When in his mothers womb, Ashtavakra overheard his father Kahora reciting the Vedas. Though still an unborn he already knew the scriptures, and hearing his fathers mistakes, he called out to correct him. Kahora felt insulted and cursed the yet to be born child. In due course the male child was born with deformed limbs. Some years later, at the court of Janaka, Kahora engaged in a debate with the great scholar Bandin, son of King Varuna. Kahora was defeated, and Bandin had him drowned. When Ashtavakra was twelve he discovered what had happened. He went at once to Janakas court where he won over Bandin in a debate. Bandin then explained that his father had not been drowned, but had been banished to the bottom of the sea to serve King Varuna. He released Kahora, who wished at once to lift the curse from his son. He told Ashtavakra to bathe in the river Samanga. When he came out of the water, his body was straight. Significance Ashtavakra Gita, similar to the other two works of the Triad viz.the Yoga Vasishtha and the Yoga Aphorisms of Patanjali presents the traditional teachings of Advaita Vedanta by making the human mind as the focal point of attention and reform, for self realization. Thoughts of Ashtavakra are more faithful to the major Upanishads and their nondualistic idealism. Ashtavakra states that there is no such thing as existence or non existence, right or wrong, or moral or immoral. He completely rejects the world of objects, emotions and thoughts perceived through the delusory body, mind and intellect and consequently reject the principle of Maya also. To him, there is no individual ego (jiva) nor a creator (Isvara) nor a universe (jagat) nor any delusion (maya) other than the one infinite Consciousness. In the eyes of Ashtavakra, one’s true identity can be discovered simply by recognizing oneself as Pure Existence and that as individuals we are the Awareness of all things. To Ashtavakra there is only one goal to be aimed at and reached which is Self Knowledge through direct mystical intuition which he calls it as Vijnana. The culmination is reached with the unity of the Self when all duality such as the knower, knowledge and the knowing is dissolved. This state visualized by Ashtavakra can only be experienced and cannot be explained in words. With such a quality of mind alone King Janaka says in Mahabharata “Infinite is my wealth, of which nothing is mine. If Mithila is burnt, nothing that is mine is burnt.” In Ashtavakra Gita he says “In fact, one way, nothing belongs to me; or in another way, everything is mine only.” The Ashtavakra Gita teaches that one is already free and one has to merely realize that one is free. It advocates non-action, trouncing of desire and severing of worldly attachments. To free one from the cycle of life and death one should withdraw from all earthly desires, worries and cares. To continue indulging in earthly things even after one has realized their true nature is said to be foolish and a sheer waste of time. Instead it paints a picture of The Master as someone who continues to keep up their responsibilities in the world, not because they believe they have to or due to any worldly attachments, but simply that it is in their nature to do so. To avoid any wrong understanding and mis-construal by the unprepared minds, it is traditionally recommend that Ashtavakra Gita be pursued by only those who have already advanced on the spiritual path to whom this text-book can show light and can serve as a true guide. We hear very loudly and extensively the echoes of the various concepts propounded in the Ashtavakra Gita in the Yoga Vasishtha, in the Bhagavd Gita and in many Upanishads. Instruction on Self-Realization ch2 The text starts with three questions put by the student Janaka to the teacher, Ashtavakra: How can knowledge be acquired? How can liberation be attained? How is renunciation achieved? Knowledge means the realization of the identity of the individual self and the Supreme Self or Brahman which is Existence, Knowledge and Bliss absolute (Sat-Chit-Ananda). Liberation means freedom from ignorance, all bondage and limitations which leads to the complete destruction of all misery and the attainment of supreme bliss. Renunciation means unattachment to the pleasure and pain derived from worldly objects and even the joy of heaven, which is also impermanent. It may be noted that renunciation is defined as unattachment and it has nothing to do with giving up possessions, as usually understood. Even with no possession one need not be a renunciate for he can identify himself mentally with possessions to have them or to reject them. Unattachment is neither indifference nor suppression of natural feelings of pleasure and pain. Attachment springs from a sense of duality, the individual on the one side and the world on the other side. The individual who consists of body, mind, and senses has also got Consciousness which enlivens all the other components of the body-mind-senses complex. The individual is Consciousness, identified with his own body-mind-senses complex, and regards all the other individuals and objects in the world as separate and different from him. As long as this identification persists, the individual’s relationship with the world outside will be based on duality or the sense of difference between the two. The individual is attracted towards the persons and objects he likes and is repelled by those whom he does not like. He derives pleasure out of those whom he likes and pain out of those he does not like. Thus pleasure and pain are rooted in attraction and repulsion, which in turn is based on duality. Once this concept of duality is dissolved into the concept of unity of Consciousness, our perspective of life will undergo a change. We will be viewing ourselves in others and others in ourselves and conclude that there is but one Absolute Existence. Thus whatever is so far observed by the mind, it is all but a temporary superimposition on the Self. The Self in all is thus the only reality; the world as it appears is unreal and its reality is in the Self and not in its outer form. Living in the world we are not aware of this truth about the reality and erroneously take the superimposed form as the only reality. This state of mind is called ‘ignorance’ and all our relationships in the world are thus rooted in ignorance and not on reality. The concept of unity of Consciousness will revolutionize the relationship between the individual and the world and such Knowledge will make us realize that it is the Self, the one real existence in all that is the source of attraction to them. Hence Brihadaranyaka Upanishad says “It is not for the sake of the husband that the husband is loved, but for the sake of the Self that the husband is loved.” Ashtavakra replied to Janaka “If you aspire after liberation, my child, reject the objects of the senses as poison and seek forgiveness, sincerity, kindness, contentment and truth as nectar.” Attachment to worldly objects is a great bar to spiritual progress and hence they should be shunned as poison at the outset which also implies the necessity of a total control over sense-organs and mind. Here both the positive and the negative practices of a spiritual aspirant have been described. Giving up the attachment to worldly objects indicates negative aspect while cultivating moral virtues indicates positive aspect. Ashtavakra continues his teaching: The Self is distinct from the five elements that constitute the body, mind and universe. It is Consciousness itself and is their witness. Liberation lies in knowing the Self as such. The essence of the Advaita Sadhana is that by identifying the Self with the body which is not Self, and thus attributing the limitations of the body such as birth, death, old age or disease, to the Self we suffer all kinds of misery. The Self is really not the body. So if we can only get rid of this identification, we shall at once realize that we are Consciousness itself and thus become happy and free from bondage because the Self is never affected by body and mind which merely hide its glory just as clouds hide the sun. Ashtavakra enumerates several instances showing that the body is not the Self, nor does it have any distinction of varna (caste) or asrma (stages of life). It does not have virtue and vice, pleasure and pain all of which are properties of the mind alone. The Self is neither the doer nor the enjoyer. Verily we are all free and the bondage lies in the wrong identification of the Self with the non-self. He advises Janaka to cast aside the egoistic feeling ‘I am the doer’ and take to the faith ‘I am not the doer’ and be happy. He advises “burn down the forest of ignorance with the fire of the conviction ‘I am the one and Pure Consciousness’, and be free from grief and happy. You are that Consciousness, Supreme Bliss in and upon which this universe appears superimposed, like a snake on a rope. Live happily.” “He, who considers himself free, is free indeed and he who considers himself bound remains bound.” As one thinks, so one becomes, is true always. The Self is an all-pervading eternal witness but through illusion it appears as if it is subject to the cycle of life and death. You have long been caught in the web of body-consciousness; sever it with the sword of knowledge ‘I am Consciousness’ and be happy. You are unattached, self-effulgent and without any blemish. Your bondage lies in your thinking that you are bound and then taking resort to such practices like meditation etc.” What Ashtavakra here means is that we must altogether give up the thought of our being bound for the reason already mentioned that as one thinks so one becomes. “The Self is the substance which pervades the universe just as gold pervades the ornament and the universe exists in the Self just as an ornament exists in gold.” The idea is that the name and form exists in the substance without having their own independent separate existence. “Know that which has form to be unreal and the formless to be permanent. Through this spiritual instruction you will escape the possibility of rebirth. Just as a mirror exists within and without the image reflected in it, so the Supreme Self exists inside and outside the body. Just as the same all-pervading, space is inside and outside a jar, so the eternal, all-pervasive Brahman exists in all things.” After hearing this elaborate exposition of the Self by Ashtavakra, Janaka demonstrates that he has become enlightened and tells that all his illusions have been suddenly lifted. He tells that the tripod of knowledge-knower- knowable has changed into one vision of the infinite Tranquility- the Self. Janaka here gives a beautiful description of the process of such fusion by citing several vivid examples. Janaka says “As cloth, when analyzed is found to be nothing but thread, so this universe, when analyzed, is nothing but the Self. Just as sugar generated in sugar-cane juice is wholly pervaded by that juice, so the universe produced in the Self is permeated by the Self through out. Just as the snake appears from the non-cognition of the rope and disappears with its recognition, the world appears from the ignorance of the Self and disappears with the knowledge of the Self. O, Wonderful is the way of the Self who knows no decay and survives even after the destruction of the world, from Lord Brahma down to a blade of grass. I am pure Consciousness with neither bondage nor freedom and the universe though exists does not really exist. Adoration to the Self!” On hearing such an assertion from Janaka, Ashtavakra responds by ridiculing him with teasing questions doubting his claim of enlightenment. The thrust of Ashtavakra’s counter is how can Janaka claim self-realization with his apparent involvements in the functioning of the throne and continue to perform the outer duties of the world? Ashtavakra points out instances in Janaka’s behavior one by one as serious deviations from the life of a liberated person and accuses him of acting in ignorance. However, Janaka gives spirited and penetrating replies to all the questions of Ashtavakra and meets his challenge thoroughly. He proves himself to be ever dwelling in self-knowledge and completely unidentified with his own mental and physical actions and therefore beyond the domain of value judgment. These questions and answers are extremely exciting and illuminating to the students of Advaita Vedanta. The substance of Janaka’s replies is as under: The entire universe is but one’s own essential form and one is not separate from it. An individual is not a sum of his parts. The head, heart, hand, leg, liver etc are different names of parts of the body but are not separate ‘events’ or ‘items’. Similarly an individual is separate from the universe only in name. In fact he is not only an essential part of the universe but he is the very being of the universe just as heart, head etc.are not part of the individual but they are the essential aspect of the whole of him. When this oneness is not realized man is fooled by his own name and the world appears as a mere bundle of names and forms. This alienation from the world is the cause of all fears. Once we realize that we are the Infinite Self, the sense of alienation disappears. To realize that I am the Self is to recognize at once the society and the world are but an extension of my own mind and body. Space is not contaminated by the things existing in it. Similarly, activities of the body cannot affect the Pure Self with which the man of realization identifies himself. Dissolution of Ego or Laya While experiencing the Self a complete dissolution of the perceiving equipments and the perceived world of experiences take place which according to Ashtavakra is called Laya. In this absolute state of laya, the consciousness of body, mind and the senses vanishes i.e. the ego disappears and hence a merger of the individual in Brahman happens. He describes four methods through which such a state of dissolution can be attained viz. 1) by destroying the identification of the Self with body, mind and the senses 2) by having known the oneness of the Self and man just as sea and the bubbles 3) by having known the universe to be non-real and illusory just like a snake in the rope and 4) by remaining unaffected by the pairs of opposites like pain and pleasure, life and death, hope and disappointment etc. Janaka takes the dialogue to a still higher level and suggests that even this dissolution arises out of the vestige of ignorance. Just as the space inside a jar is the same as the infinite space outside it, so the universe exists in and through the One Infinite Self. A man of Self-realization looks upon the world as a magician’s performance, false and illusory having no existence even though it is visible to a spectator. Therefore no object of the world can attract or repel such an enlightened man. Bondage, Freedom, Detachment, Tranquility, Wisdom Ashtavakra then explains certain concepts relevant to the main topic of Self-Realization. Bondage and Freedom: It is bondage when the mind desires or grieves at anything, rejects or accepts anything, feels happy or angry at anything. It is bondage when the mind is attached to any sense experience. When there is “I” there is bondage. It is freedom when the mind does not desire or grieve or reject or accept or feel happy or angry. It is freedom when the mind is detached from all sense experiences. When there is no “I” there is freedom. Detachment: Our life is a mixture of opposites like joy and sorrow, success and failure and good and evil. We have always preferences which drive us to do certain things and avoid doing certain others. Hence, our conception of duty. As long as we consider the world as real, we cannot escape the pairs of opposites nor get rid of the sense of duty. The only way out of this situation is to realize the unreality of the world and renounce our identification with its relative life and remaining unattached to its experiences. Rare is the case where a man with this quality of mind did not attain quietude. Such a person becomes a spiritual guide to others by virtue of his knowledge of Pure consciousness on account of his detachment from the world. It is desire that binds us to the world and makes us to think it is real which in turn leads us to the unending rounds of birth and death. The moment we are free from desire, the reality of the world will vanish and there will be no further reincarnation for us. The man who has renounced desire is completely free and the desire bug cannot hurt him wherever he may live to spend the remaining part of his life tenure. Tranquility: Bondage consists only in desire, and the destruction of desire is said to be liberation. One attains the constant joy of realization of the Self by non-attachment to the world. It is really strange that even when we love kingdoms, sons, wives, bodies, and the other worldly pleasures very dearly, we cannot retain them for long. We inevitably lose them and thus they cause us suffering. This process has been repeated life after life. What is the fun then, in being attached to such things? Enough of prosperity, desires and charitable deeds! The mind does not find peace in this dreary forest of the world. For how many births have we not done hard and painful work with this multifaceted gadget of body, mind, intellect and senses? Therefore, stop this at least today. Wisdom: This section of Ashtavakra Gita can be considered as Jnana Ashtakam, a Hymn to Pure Knowledge in eight verses. Here are the eight lessons for a healthier understanding of the world which will bring peace and tranquility to the seekers. He who knows for certain that 1. change in the form of existence and destruction is inherent in things, 2. Self is the creator of all and there is none else here. 3. misfortune and fortune come in their own time due to the effects of past actions, 4. happiness and misery, birth and death are due to the effects of past actions. 5. it is anxiety and nothing else that brings sorrow in the world 6. he is not the body nor is the body his. He is pure consciousness itself 7. he is indeed in everything from Lord Brahma to a blade of grass and 8. this manifold and wonderful universe is unreal becomes Pure Consciousness, unperturbed, free from pain, desireless and finds peace as if nothing exists. Abiding in The Self King Janaka, explains in the form of a do-it-yourself manual how despite carrying on the duties of the world the mind can be kept unattached by the happenings around it like a lotus leaf in the water. Janaka explains the process through which he succeeded in abiding himself in the Self. He says “He became intolerant of physical action, extensive speech, and thought. Having no attachment for sensory objects and because the Self is not an object of perception, his mind became free from distraction and turned one-pointed. Whenever his mind is distracted he made an effort to bring it back to concentrate. He became perfect by convincing himself that there is nothing to accept or to reject and has neither joy nor sorrow. Considering even the stages of life, meditation, controlling the functions of the mind, performing and non- performing of actions as distractions and ignorance he was biding in the Self. As thinking about the Unthinkable One (the Self) is also resorting to a form of thought, he gave up thought itself altogether. The man who is of such nature and who has accomplished this task ever lives in Bliss Absolute and in perfect Tranquility.” Knowledge of The Self ch3 This section is significant in the entire Ashtavakra Gita as it delineates in unequivocal terms The One Ultimate Reality, the Self as the ‘One Self in all existence and all existence in One Self.’ All that falls under the cause and effect system of the mind is nothing but the Self, misapprehended as the illusory world of names and forms. Here, the nature of Brahman is brought out for a direct and immediate apprehension of all the seekers. It says that distaste for sense-objects is liberation and passion for sense-objects is bondage; such is the nature of true knowledge. Mind alone is the cause of bondage and liberation. Peaceful mind leads one to liberation. Passions and aversions are the qualities of the mind. The mind is never yours. You are pure intelligence itself, free from all fluctuations, and changeless. In you the universe manifests itself like the waves in the ocean. Be you free from the turbulence of the mind. The body composed of the constituents of nature comes and goes away. The Self neither comes nor goes. This universe is nothing different from you. Therefore how can the ideas of acceptance and rejection arise in you? From where will there be birth, activity and the ego-sense in you? Totally give up the attitude of ‘I am this” and ‘I am not that.’ Consider all is the Self and be desire less and happy. It is through your ignorance alone that the universe appears to exist. In reality you are the One, other than you there is no individual self (Jiva) or Supreme Self (Atman). This section is concluded by a revolutionary advice that to give up meditation through meditation is the highest meditation. The meditator has become the meditated! Man has stepped into the Throne of God! Special Instructions for Self Abidance The unique State of Liberation is to end all our perceptions of the world and destroy all our desires for sense-objects in the Knowledge of the Self. Although many try in this venture only a few succeed in Self-abidance. Ashtavakra gives here the explanation for such failures and provides us with effective tips to correct our ways to avoid pit-falls on the path to our Spiritual Goal Divine. His guidance is solely based on his theory that he does not recognize the existence of anything as God or the universe or the ego other than the One Transcendental Self. In this Absolute state there are no objects or thoughts and all our perceptions are mere imaginations of a confused mind. Therefore he says: 1. You may read any number of scriptures, you may become extraordinarily proficient in their contents, may give any number of eloquent lectures on them yet you have only understood their word meanings and not the Truth that is indicated by them until you realize the State of Peaceful Self where there is no plurality (swasthyam). 2. The very fact that our desires always remain unsatisfied indicates that we continuously try to go beyond all desires, although with no success. This continuous yearning of human mind implies our basic urge to realize our real nature which is nothing but Bliss. This is the explanation why no man is satisfied with what one already possesses. Man is never satisfied until he discovers his Real Nature beyond all objects of pleasure i.e. beyond all activities, passions and desires and beyond all pluralities. 3. One who covets sensual objects is called sensual while the one who does not covet is called ‘not-sensual’. But the one who does not accept or reject sensual objects is neither sensual nor ‘not-sensual’. He is the wise man free from the pairs of opposites, like a child, and indeed is well established in the Self. The one who is attached to the world wants to renounce the world to avoid miseries. But the one who does not have any attachment is free from all sorrows and miseries even while living in the world. 4. Until and unless one’s ego is completely obliterated even Brahma, Vishnu and Mahesvara happen to be the teachers they cannot help him to abide in the Self. True Knower Now the nature of the Man-of- Wisdom or the True Knower is discussed. Such a Realized Person is the one who Enjoys being alone as he is the whole universe and there is nothing other than he. Is never miserable in the world for the whole world is filled by him alone. Sense-objects lose all charm to him. All his actions do not leave any impressions on him because he does not identify with anything due to absence of the feeling of ‘I’ or ‘Mine’. Goes beyond enjoyment and liberation. Has neither attraction for nor aversion to duty, worldly prosperity, desire and liberation as well as life and death. Is interested in neither dissolution nor continuance of the universe. Although externally he may look and behave like a man of the world, internally he is ever free and never identifies himself with the objects of the senses. His look is vacant, his actions are purposeless and his senses are inoperative. He is practically dead to the world but ever conscious of the Self pervading the universe. He is not perturbed when facing a beautiful woman or confronted with imminent death. He sees the same everywhere, sees no difference between happiness and misery, man and woman as well as prosperity and adversity. He has neither compassion nor coldness, neither humility nor insolence. He neither craves nor abhors sense objects and experiences them with a detached mind as they come. He has conflict of contemplation and non-contemplation, good and evil. He abides in the state of Absoluteness. Devoid of the feeling of ‘I’ and ‘Mine’, knowing for certain that nothing is and with all his inner desires set at rest, the true man of Knowledge does not act though he may be acting. A man of wisdom has his mind completely purged of all delusion, inertia etc. that obstruct the vision of the Reality. In such a state all the modifications of the mind cease to operate and it is as good as destroyed. Then the final realization rips open, of which no description is possible but has to be experienced. It may be observed that this is also the description of a Stitha Prajna as given in the concluding portion of the Second Chapter of the Bhagavad Gita and a definition of a Yogi as given in the Samadhi Pada of Patanjali Yoga Sutras. We find that most of the ideas and concepts discussed in the Ashtavaka Gita are also elaborately treated in the Yoga Vasishtha also. Ashtavakra ends his Gita with numerous self-dismissive questions, all of them highly rhetorical, spread over more than one hundred verses. Conclusion ch4 Basic questions such as “What is good or evil? Life or death? Freedom or bondage? Illusion or the world? Creation or dissolution? The Self or the not-Self? What is the rising or the vanishing of thought? What is the visible world, or the invisible? What is the little soul, or God Himself?” have been raised in the Ashtavakra Gita. The answers provided are that we are all one Self. The Self is pure awareness. This Self, this flawless awareness is God. There is only God. Everything else is an illusion: the little self, the world, the universe. All these things arise with the thought I , that is, with the idea of separate identity. The little I invents the material world, which in our ignorance we strive hard to sustain. Forgetting our original oneness, bound tightly in our imaginary separateness, we spend our lives mastered by a specious sense of purpose and value. Endlessly constrained by our habit of individuation, the creature of preference and desire, we continually set one thing against another, until the mischief and misery of choice consume us. But our true nature is pure and choice less awareness. We are already and always fulfilled. It is easy, says Ashtavakra, You are the clear space of awareness (cidakasa), pure and still, in whom there is no birth, no striving, no I . Then how do we recover our original awareness? How do we dispel the illusion of separation? Ashtavakra tells us how to end our Self-estrangement. “Be happy. Love yourself. Dont judge others. Forgive. Always be simple. Dont make distinctions. Give up the habit of choice. Let the mind dissolve. Give up preferring and desiring. Desire only your own awareness. Give up identifying with the body and the senses. Give up your attachment to meditation and service. Give up your attachment to detachment. Give up giving up! Reject nothing, accept nothing. Be still. But above all, be happy. In the end, you will find yourself just by knowing how things are.” It would be perverse to suppose that just because Ashtavakra, with his nondualism, considers meditation merely a distracting habit, he means us to abandon our practice. Of course, from the perspective of unconditional freedom, where nothing makes any difference, meditation seems a comically self-important waste of time. But Ashtavakra makes it clear. The moment a fool gives up his spiritual practices, he falls prey to fancies and desires. God help the seeker who presumes that since he is already and always fulfilled, he can give up trying. It is all a matter of knowing. We are all indeed already perfect, but until we know it, we had better deal with our ignorance, and that cant be done just by listening to words. It requires sadhana, trying, doing what we do not wish to do. It means long, hard self-effacing work. The heart of Ashtavakras advice is not to give up our practice, but to abandon our strenuous lethargy. Dealing with our ignorance also means, for almost all of us, finding someone like Ashtavakra to help us. We cannot easily break the spell ourselves. Here again, Ashtavakra is very practical. At least half of the book describes the nature of the master, the man who has found his way. It is an austere and enchanting portrait. The master is a child, a fool, a man asleep, a leaf tumbling in the wind. Inside, he is utterly free. He does exactly as he pleases. Rules mean nothing to him. He doesnt care who makes fun of him, because he is always playing and having a wonderful time. He lives as if he had no body. He seems to walk on air. He is unsmudged, like the clear sky or the smooth and shining surface of a vast lake. Because we are subject to the dualities which he has transcended, we can glimpse his nature only through our paradoxical colored glasses. He sees but he sees nothing. He sees what cannot be seen. He knows but he knows nothing. He sleeps soundly without sleeping. He dreams without dreaming. He is busy, but he does nothing. He is not alive, nor is he dead. His secret, and the ultimate paradox, is that he stands on his own. He is completely by himself (svasthya). Only by an absolute independence (svatantrya) has he discovered his absolute oneness with all things. Who was this Ashtavakra, this uncompromising poet and saint? Since Ashtavakras whole point is that individual identity is an illusion, it is perfect irony that the only certain thing we can say about him is that he was an anonymous master who adopted Ashtavakras character as he found it represented in a number of tales in classical Indian literature, and used it as a suitably faceless mask through which to deliver his gospel of self-effacement. So the Ashtavakra Gita was written by an unknown master who took his inspiration from the contest between Ashtavakra and Bandin, which Ashtavakra wins by demonstrating the absolute oneness of God (brahmadavaitam). We not only know next to nothing about him, we cannot even be sure when he lived. It is also very hard to date the Ashtavakra Gita with any accuracy. It is possible to guess that it was written either in the eighth century by a follower of Sankara, or in the fourteenth century during resurgence of Sankaras teaching. Some scholars are also of the opinion that this work is older than Gaudapada’s Karikas which promulgate the doctrine of Ajatavada (the doctrine of no creation).on which Sankara had written his commentary There is no place even for spiritual enquiry. Who is the seeker? Ashtavakra asks. What has he found? What are seeking and the end of seeking? These final questions dissolve even the voice which asks them. Who is the disciple, and who the master? With this last gesture of self-erasure, the nameless master is finally free to declare his real identity, which he shares unconditionally with all beings. “For I have no bounds, I am Siva, Nothing arises in me, In whom nothing is single, Nothing is double, Nothing is, Nothing is not. What more is there to say?” Reference: 1. Astavakra Samhita - Swami Nityaswarupananda 2. Discourses on Astavakra Gita - Swami Chinmayananda 3. The Heart of Awareness: Ashtavakra Gita - Dr.Thomas Byrom 4. Ashtavakra Gita - John Richards 5. Ashtavakra Gita – Osho
Posted on: Tue, 28 Oct 2014 09:10:56 +0000
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